Table 3.

Five attributes of amphicarpic plant species shared by many other species with a dimorphic reproductive system, e.g. aerial cleistogamous, amphi‐basicarpic and heterocarpic species that are not amphicarpic

Attribute	Explanation	References
Flower dimorphism	Morphological differences between cross‐ and self‐pollinated morphs	Plitmann (1995); Koontz et al. (2017)
Mixed mating system	Open, cross‐pollinated chasmogamous versus closed, self‐pollinated cleistogamous flowers	Goodwillie et al. (2005); Oakley et al. (2007)
Fruit and seed dimorphism (heterocarpy)	Differences in fruit and seed size and morphology	Imbert (2002); Baskin & Baskin (2014)
Germination dimorphism	Germination differences between morphs	Weiss (1980); Zhang et al. (2015)
Dispersal dimorphism	Differences in mechanism and distance of dispersal between morphs	Barker (2005); Zhang et al. (2015)