TABLE 1.

Summary of telephone‐delivered dietetic services and improved diet and clinical outcomes in people with chronic disease

Outcome reported	Number of studies and participants meta‐analysed	Effect size
Fruit intake 25 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 39	4 studies, 670 participants 25 , 27 , 30 , 38	MD 0.33 serves/day [95% CI: 0.18‐0.47; I 2 = 0%]
Vegetable intake 25 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 39	4 studies, 670 participants 25 , 27 , 30 , 38	MD 0.53 serves/day [95% CI: 0.21‐0.84; I 2 = 0%]
Fibre intake 27 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 38	4 studies, 1418 participants 27 , 34 , 36 , 38	MD 1.82 g/day [95% CI: 1.06‐2.58; I 2 = 0%]
Fat intake 27 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 37	4 studies, 1418 participants 27 , 30 , 36 , 37	SMD 0.20% of total energy expenditure [95% CI: −0.31 to −0.09; I 2 = 0%
Physical activity 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 37 , 39	4 studies, 708 participants 25 , 27 , 37 , 39	SMD 2.54 minutes per day [95% CI: 0.71‐4.38; I 2 = 99%]
Body weight 28 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39	7 studies, 1543 participants 28 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39	MD −1.04 kg [95% CI: −1.634 to −0.45; I 2 = 6%]
Waist circumference 28 , 37 , 38	3 studies, 435 participants 28 , 37 , 38	MD −2.13 cm [95% CI: −4.23 to −0.03; I 2 = 56%]
Cardiovascular disease risk 26	1 study, 199 participants 26	The cardiovascular disease risk reduced in telephone group, but rose in control patients (d = 0.12)

Abbreviations: MD, mean difference; SMD, standardised mean difference.