Table 1.
Transmission of vibrations in buzz-pollinated flowers of S. rostratum (Solanaceae). Input vibrations were applied with a mechanical shaker at the base of the flower (receptacle), and measured at one of three floral structures: petals, feeding anthers or pollinating anthers. The vibrations were applied and measured along the same axis (x, y or z; figure 1). Input vibrations had a frequency of 300 Hz, and a RMS amplitude velocity (VRMS) of either 14, 18 or 57 mm s−1. The table shows the mean VRMS and the 95% confidence intervals (CI; in parenthesis) of measured floral vibrations in each of the three floral structures and axes. The percentage shows the relative change of the measured vibration compared to the targeted input vibration. Positive values indicate amplitude increases. Sample size: 540 vibration measurements from 10 flowers.
| spatial axis | target input velocity VRMS (mm s−1) | observed velocity VRMS (mm s−1) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| corolla | feeding anther | pollinating anther | ||
| x | 14 | 15 (5.9–24.1) 8% | 29.2 (22.2–36.2) 109% | 25.2 (14.1–36.3) 80% |
| 28 | 30.2 (18.1–42.4) 8% | 53.2 (39.9–66.4) 90% | 45.5 (29.0–62.0) 63% | |
| 57 | 65.7 (37.8–93.7) 15% | 90.8 (78.1–103.6) 59% | 109.8 (68.0–151.6) 93% | |
| y | 14 | 19.7 (13.1–26.2) 40% | 69.4 (42.0–96.8) 395% | 60.6 (43.4–77.9) 333% |
| 28 | 30.8 (23.1–38.6) 10% | 138.8 (86.2–191.5) 396% | 101.5 (71.4–131.7) 263% | |
| 57 | 60.1 (47.1–73.2) 6% | 193.2 (151.7–234.7) 239% | 157.5 (111.8–203.2) 176% | |
| z | 14 | 20.1 (13.9–26.2) 43% | 76.3 (53.9–98.8) 445% | 65.6 (34.5–96.7) 369% |
| 28 | 41.0 (27.9–54.0) 46% | 143.9 (94.8 –193.1) 414% | 115.9 (63.0–168.8) 314% | |
| 57 | 82.1 (60.0–104.2) 44% | 220.1 (179.1–262.7) 288% | 187.4 (122.5–252.4) 229% | |