. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 7.

Published in final edited form as: Manage Sci. 2018 Feb 5;64(12):5461–5480. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2017.2900

Table 5.

Difference-in-Differences Estimates on the Gateway Effect for Visit Frequency

	Office				Phone
	(1) Physician	(2) Resident	(3) NP	(4) Other	(5) Physician	(6) Resident	(7) NP	(8) Other

Patient E-Visit	0.012^***	−0.002^***	0.000	0.001^***	0.028^***	−0.008^***	0.000	−0.003^***
Adoption	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)
Patient FEs	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Provider FEs	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Month FEs	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Year FEs	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Mean of dep. var.	0.12	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.18	0.02	0.01	0.03
R²	0.002	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.001
Patient-months	5,948,239	5,948,239 5,948,239		5,948,239	5,948,239	5,948,239	5,948,239	5,948,239

Notes. This table presents our results for the effect of e-visit adoption on the number of office and phone visits with physicians (columns (1) and (5)), residents (columns (2) and (6)), nurse practitioners (columns (3) and (7)), and other providers (columns (4) and (8)). Standard errors in parentheses are robust and two-way clustered at the patient and the provider-month levels.

p < 0.10

^**

p < 0.05

^***

p < 0.01.