Table 2.
Multinomial logistic regression¥ of factors associated with COVID-19 and smoking status (n = 930)Ψ
| COVID-19 related factors | Cigarette smokers aOR (95%CI) |
Waterpipe smokers aOR (95%CI) |
Ex-smokers aOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Has a doctor told you that you have COVID-19? (yes) | 0.36 (0.06–2.01) | 2.92 (0.76–11.18) | 0.53 (0.14–1.92) |
| Is anyone in your family infected with COVID-19? (yes) | 0.69 (0.26–1.84) | 0.71 (0.21–2.38) | 0.92 (0.39–2.19) |
| In your opinion, how related is cigarette smoking to spreading infection of COVID-19? | |||
| Not related/I do not know | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Related | 0.49 (0.26–0.91)* | 0.97 (0.42–2.25) | 0.97 (0.59–1.59) |
| In your opinion, how related is waterpipe smoking with spreading infection of COVID-19? | |||
| Not related/I do not know | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Related | 1.03 (0.62–1.69) | 0.59 (0.30–1.16) | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) |
| In your opinion, how related is e-cigarette use with spreading infection of COVID-19? | |||
| Not related/I do not know | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Related | 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | 0.31 (0.08–1.31) | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use cigarettes at home during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 1.59 (0.80–3.16) | 0.39 (0.15–1.01) | 0.99 (0.51–1.93) |
| I do not know | 0.53 (0.24–1.16) | 0.33 (0.12–0.91)* | 0.52 (0.26–1.02) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use waterpipe at home during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 0.95 (0.45–2.01) | 7.19 (3.01–17.14)* | 0.96 (0.47–1.93) |
| I do not know | 2.98 (1.21–7.34)* | 0.88 (0.25–3.12) | 1.47 (0.68–3.20) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use e-cigarettes at home during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 0.84 (0.37–1.94) | 0.09 (0.03–0.29) | 1.14 (0.55–2.40) |
| I do not know | 0.82 (0.38–1.74) | 0.96 (0.41–2.26) | 1.79 (0.94–3.42) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use cigarettes in public during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 1.79 (0.81–3.92) | 2.44 (0.77–7.70) | 1.01 (0.42–2.42) |
| I do not know | 0.52 (0.20–1.31) | 3.32 (1.06–10.42)* | 2.00 (0.90–4.41) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use waterpipe in public during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 0.62 (0.22–1.75) | 1.19 (0.34–4.14) | 0.71 (0.22–2.35) |
| I do not know | 1.88 (0.69–5.16) | 0.39 (0.10–1.44) | 0.65 (0.25–1.67) |
| In your opinion, how safe is it to use e-cigarettes in public during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 3.01 (1.25–7.29)* | 3.56 (1.02–12.46)* | 0.94 (0.36–2.43) |
| I do not know | 1.32 (0.62–2.80) | 0.87 (0.34–2.23) | 0.54 (0.28–1.06) |
| In your opinion, how much safer are e-cigarettes as a substitute to any form of smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic? | |||
| Not safe/I do not know | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Safe | 1.54 (0.51–4.62) | 1.48 (0.22–10.03) | 0.73 (0.19–2.80) |
| In your opinion, what will be the outcome of a cigarette smoker who is infected by COVID-19? | |||
| Similar to non-smokers | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recover soon | 0.97 (0.24–3.95) | 0.19 (0.03–1.27) | 0.24 (0.03–2.03) |
| Worsen the disease | 0.84 (0.33–2.17) | 0.55 (0.17–1.79) | 0.85 (0.35–2.08) |
| In your opinion, what will be the outcome of a waterpipe smoker who is infected by COVID-19? | |||
| Similar to non-smokers | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recover soon | 0.76 (0.10–5.68) | 29.98 (4.15–216.55)* | 0.89 (0.07–10.95) |
| Worsen the disease | 1.10 (0.41–2.98) | 1.20 (0.34–4.18) | 1.26 (0.48–3.32) |
| In your opinion, what will be the outcome of an e-cigarette user who is infected by COVID-19? | |||
| Similar to non-e-cigarette users | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Recover soon | 0.38 (0.06–2.44) | 0.11 (0.02–0.70) | 1.88 (0.37–9.63) |
| Worsen the disease | 0.53 (0.31–0.91)* | 0.54 (0.26–1.11) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) |
| Does using tobacco products protect an individual against COVID-19? | |||
| Not only is not protective, but also can cause disease | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes, have a protective effect | 1.57 (0.63–3.88) | 4.10 (1.53–10.96)* | 1.34 (0.53–3.41) |
| I do not know | 0.82 (0.45–1.52) | 1.15 (0.50–2.63) | 0.63 (0.34–1.14) |
¥Reference group is never-smokers, ΨWe excluded dual users (n = 14) from the regression analysis due to the small sample size in each level of covariates. Asterisk indicates p < 0.05. The regression model was adjusted for potential confounders including age (years), gender (male/female), education (< high school/> high school), and residence area (urban/rural)
aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval