Table 2.
Laser parameters of the included studies
| Study ID | Mode | Manufactures | Tip | Wavelength | Pulse frequency | Pulse duration | Mean power | Method of application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malekafzali 2017 [4] | NR | WaterLase iplus, Biolase, USA | MZ8 | 2.78 μm | 15 Hz | NR | 3 W(60% air; 30% water) | NR |
| Ergin 2018 [6] | Uncontact | Biolase Millennium II, Biolase Technologies, San Clemente, CA |
MG6 MX5 |
2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs | 5 W(70% air; 60% water;) | The beam was aligned vertically to the target tissue at a distance of 1–1.5/3-5 mm and moved in a sweeping motion |
| Subramaniam 2016 [5] | Uncontact | Biolaseiplus Technology, USA | NR | 2.78 μm | 15 Hz | 600–700 μs |
Enamel:4 W (60% air; 60% water) Dentine:3 W(60% air; 30% water) |
The laser was placed 8–10 mm away from the teeth |
| Shafiei 2014 [12] | Focus | Waterlase, Biolase, Irvine, CA | G4 | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 40–200 μs |
Enamel:3 W(85% air; 85% water) Dentine:2 W (65% air; 55% water) |
NR |
| Fattah 2013 [8] | Free-running pulse | Waterlase, Biolase Technology, San Clemente, CA | G6 | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs | 3.5 W(65% air; 55% water) | The laser was placed 1–2 mm away from the teeth |
| Rossi 2008 [19] | NR | Millennium, Biolase Technology, San Clemente, CA | G6 | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140–200 μs |
Enamel:2.5/3 W(55% air; 65% water) Dentine:1/1.5 W(55% air; 65% water) |
The laser was placed perpendicularly to the surface and 1 mm away from the teeth |
| Yazici 2012 [15] | Uncontact | Millennium II, Biolase Technology, Irvine, CA | G4 | NR | 20 Hz | 140 μs |
Enamel:5.25 W(90% air; 75% water) Dentine:3.5 W(65% air; 55% water) |
The laser was placed 2–3 mm away from the teeth |
| Marotti 2010 [18] | NR | Waterlase, Biolase Technology, San Clemente, CA | NR | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs | 5 W(90% air; 70% water) | NR |
| Gutknecht 2001 [16] | NR | Millennium, Biolase Technology | NR | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs |
Enamel:6 W Dentine:5 W |
The laser was placed 0.5 mm away from the teeth |
| Shahabi 2008 [7] | NR | Waterlase, Biolase, USA | NR | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs |
Enamel:5.5 W(95% air; 80% water) Dentine:3.5 W(75% air; 65% water) |
The laser was placed 1.5–2 mm away from the teeth |
| Shafiei 2015 [9] | Focus | Waterlase, Biolase, Irvine, CA | G4 | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140–200 μs |
Enamel:3 W(85% air; 85% water) Dentine:2 W(65% air; 55% water) |
NR |
| Geraldo-Martins 2013 [20] | Pulse | Waterlase, Biolase Technology, San Clemente, CA | NR | 2.78 μm | 20 Hz | 140 μs |
1,1.25,1.5,1.75,2,2.25, 2.5,2.75,3,3.25,3.5,3.75,4 W(55% air; 65% water) |
NR |
| Trelles 2012 [17] | Pulse | Waterlase, Biolase Technology, San Clemente, CA | G4 | 2.78 μm | 10-40 Hz | 140–200 μs |
High energy:4 W(50% air; 50% water) Low energy:1.5 W(30% air; 30% water) |
The laser was placed perpendicularly to the surface and 1.5–1.7 mm away from the teeth |
NR not reported, CA California, USA the United States