Table 2.
Comparison of maternal, social, and obstetric characteristics by gestational groups for Black mothers with GDM, N = 8609
| < 34 weeks n = 328 |
34–36 weeks n = 820 |
37–38 weeks n = 2570 |
≥39 weeks n = 4891 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| cOR (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | |
| p value | p value | p value | p value | |
| Nativity | ||||
| US born | 292 (89.0) | 732 (89.3) | 2236 (87.0) | 3962 (81.0) |
| Reference | ||||
| Foreign-Born | 36 (11.0) | 88 (10.7) | 334 (13.0) | 929 (19.0) |
| 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | ||
| 0.0006 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Maternal Age (years) | ||||
| < 24 | 28 (8.5) | 96 (11.7) | 312 (12.1) | 608 (12.4) |
| 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| 0.0442 | 0.6070 | 0.7720 | ||
| 24–39 | 300 (91.5) | 721 (87.9) | 2255 (87.7) | 4279 (87.5) |
| Reference | ||||
| > 40 | a | a | a | a |
| Education (years) | ||||
| < 12 | 33 (10.1) | 108 (13.2) | 212 (8.3) | 439 (9.0) |
| 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | ||
| 0.2491 | 0.0041 | 0.7607 | ||
| 12 | 85 (25.9) | 240 (29.3) | 728 (28.3) | 1455 (29.8) |
| Reference | ||||
| > 12 | 202 (61.6) | 449 (54.8) | 1550 (60.3) | 2824 (57.7) |
| 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | ||
| 0.1413 | 0.6923 | 0.1765 | ||
| Participation in WIC | ||||
| Yes | 194 (59.2) | 548 (66.8) | 1632 (63.5) | 3126 (63.9) |
| 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| 0.1077 | 0.1395 | 0.7858 | ||
| No | 131 (39.9) | 268 (32.7) | 923 (35.9) | 1738 (35.5) |
| Reference | ||||
| Adequacy of prenatal care | ||||
| Adequate/adequate plus | 252 (76.8) | 652 (79.5) | 1957 (76.2) | 3471 (71.0) |
| Reference | ||||
| Intermediate | 28 (8.5) | 53 (6.5) | 270 (10.5) | 696 (14.2) |
| 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | ||
| 0.0050 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Inadequate | 31 (9.5) | 92 (11.2) | 278 (10.8) | 582 (11.9) |
| 0.7 (0.5 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | ||
| 0.1256 | 0.1864 | 0.0886 | ||
| Insurance status at birth | ||||
| Employer based insurance HMO or PPO | 116 (35.4) | 284 (34.6) | 1011 (39.3) | 1905 (39.0) |
| Reference | ||||
| Medi-Cal or public insurance | 191 (58.2) | 476 (58.1) | 1377 (53.6) | 2667 (54.5) |
| 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | ||
| 0.1962 | 0.0391 | 0.6629 | ||
| Self-pay | a | 14 (1.7) | 24 (0.9) | 38 (0.8) |
| 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | |||
| 0.0077 | 0.5937 | |||
| Other | 17 (5.2) | 46 (5.6) | 158 (6.2) | 281 (5.8) |
| 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | ||
| 0.9812 | 0.6107 | 0.6622 | ||
| Prior PTB | ||||
| Yes | 34 (10.4) | 63 (7.7) | 72 (2.8) | 76 (1.6) |
| 7.3 (4.8, 11.2) | 5.3 (3.7, 7.4) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | ||
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.0003 | ||
| No | 294 (89.6) | 757 (92.3) | 2498 (97.2) | 4815 (98.5) |
| Reference | ||||
| Preeclampsia | ||||
| Yes | 122 (37.2) | 267 (32.6) | 421 (16.4) | 304 (6.2) |
| 6.7 (5.3, 8.3) | 4.3 (3.8, 5.0) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | ||
| < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| No | 206 (62.8) | 553 (67.4) | 2149 (83.6) | 4587 (93.8) |
| Reference | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 41 (12.5) | 90 (11.0) | 228 (8.9) | 374 (7.7) |
| 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | ||
| 0.0026 | 0.0029 | 0.1352 | ||
| No | 287 (87.5) | 730 (89.0) | 2342 (91.1) | 4517 (92.4) |
| Reference | ||||
| Body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)] | ||||
| < 18.5 | a | 8 (1.0) | 33 (1.3) | 77 (1.6) |
| 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | |||
| 0.4303 | 0.9879 | |||
| 18.5 to < 25 | 58 (17.7) | 147 (17.9) | 438 (17.0) | 1026 (21.0) |
| Reference | ||||
| 25 to < 30 | 69 (21.0) | 179 (21.8) | 578 (22.5) | 1172 (24.0) |
| 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | ||
| 0.8293 | 0.6170 | 0.1184 | ||
| 30 to < 35 | 58 (17.7) | 178 (21.7) | 542 (21.1) | 1023 (20.9) |
| 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.3) | ||
| 0.9881 | 0.1323 | 0.0228 | ||
| 35 to < 40 | 61 (18.6) | 133 (16.2) | 408 (15.9) | 651 (13.3) |
| 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | ||
| 0.0103 | 0.0114 | 0.0002 | ||
| > 40 | 53 (16.2) | 139 (17.0) | 431 (16.8) | 679 (13.9) |
| 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | ||
| 0.1114 | 0.0101 | 0.0001 | ||
anot presented when n < 5