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. 2020 Oct 5;145(3):237–258. doi: 10.1007/s11120-020-00782-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 15 — Freeze-fracture electron micrograph of spinach thylakoids. a The semi-circular structures on the left and the right correspond to fracture face views (labeled EFs and PFs) of grana thylakoids generated by splitting of the membrane bilayers as explained in (b). The fracture faces labeled EFu and Pfu belong to unstacked stroma thylakoids that connect the two adjacent grana stacks. The large EFs particles correspond to PSII-LHCII complexes, and the smaller EFu particles to incomplete PSII complexes. The PFs particles correspond to free LHCII and cytb₆f complexes, whereas the PFu particles represent PSI, cytb₆f, free LHCII and CF₀ complexes. b Schematic diagram illustrating the nomenclature used to label freeze-fracture and freeze-etch images of thylakoid membranes (see a and Fig. 16a). From Staehelin and Arntzen (1983). a Bar 0.2 mm