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. 2020 Oct 5;145(3):237–258. doi: 10.1007/s11120-020-00782-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Freeze-fracture electron micrographs illustrating the 3D relationship between stroma thylakoids and their associated grana thylakoids. a The grana thylakoids (GT) in the center are fractured obliquely, while the stroma thylakoid (ST) on the right is seen in a face-on view. Two of the junctional connections between the grana and the stroma thylakoids are marked by arrowheads. On the left side, several parallel stroma thylakoids are cross-fractured. All of the structural features of the membranes seen in this micrograph are consistent with multiple helical stroma thylakoids wound around the granum as postulated by the helical model. b Face-on view of a grana (G) stack with angled stroma thylakoids (ST) connected to its margins (arrowheads) and arranged like the blades of a conventional windmill with the central granum corresponding to the hub. The image also supports the helical model. a, b From Staehelin and van der Staay (1996). a, b Bars 0.2 mm