Table 1.

When full intervention protocols could not be found (e.g. for studies with sub-analyses based on data from larger studies), the original papers were referred to in assessing whether the intervention met AIMS criteria.

Author, Year	Setting, Longest Follow-Up Period	Demographics	Cultural and Linguistic Components	Measurement Tool(s)	Comparison Group	Outcome(s) at Longest Follow-up Period
Randomized Controlled Trials
Arean, 2005	Washington, California, Texas, Indiana and North Carolina 12 months	1801 older adults age >60 years who met DSM-IV criteria for major depression or dysthymia Ethnic breakdown: 77% Whites, 12% Blacks, 8% Latinos, 3% Other Women: 65%	None (explicit observation made by authors)	HSCL-20	Older minority patients in usual care were compared to those in Collaborative Care intervention	Older minorities in intervention group had significantly better depression outcomes than those in usual care (50% vs 18% for treatment response, p < 0.0001), with Blacks having largest improvement
Yeung, 2010	Boston 6 months	100 Chinese American adults, age >18, with PHQ-9 ≥10 Ethnic breakdown: 100% Chinese American Women: 69% female	Engagement Interview Protocol designed to include cultural component added to a standard psychiatric interview, used questions by Kleinman to create illness narratives in alignment with patient’s beliefs Explanatory Model of Interview Catalogue to assess patients’ stigma toward mental illness (i.e. depression) Bilingual PHQ-9 Bilingual research psychiatrists and care managers	HAM-D-17 CGI-S, CGI-I	Chinese Americans receiving Collaborative Care were compared to those receiving usual care	There were no statistically significant differences in treatment outcome between the care management group and physician-care only group; the groups’ respective response rates were 60% and 50%, their remission rates were 48% and 37%, their mean CGI-S scores were 2.7 and 2.5, and their mean CGI-I scores were 2.8 and 2.8
Bao, 2011	NYC, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh 2 years	396 adults age >60, English-speaking, had ≥18, and CES-D score >20 Ethnic breakdown: 83% Black, 13% Hispanic, 1% Asian, 3% other Women: 71.6%	-No explicit cultural accommodations other than reference of elderly from different ethnic backgrounds in the educational video and written materials	HDRS	Patients receiving Collaborative Care were compared to those receiving usual care; also analyzed depression outcomes for White versus minority adults both in Collaborative Care	Descriptive results showed depression improved for patients in both arms. Minority patients under usual care experienced a similar course of depression as White patients. Under intervention, minorities saw slower decline in HDRS in first 4 months. Collaborative Care provided comparable effects between minorities and Whites in the early phase. However, by month 18, it ceased to benefit minorities, whereas for Whites, the intervention effect amounted to a 2.3 reduction in HDRS at month 24
Davis, 2011	Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi 6 months	360 veteran adults, age ≥18, with PHQ-9 ≥12 Ethnic breakdown: 75% White, 18% Black, 3% Native American, 3.6% Other Women: 8%	None reported	HSCL-20	Patients in telemedicine-based Collaborative Care were compared to those in usual care	Minority individuals had significantly higher rate of response than Whites to collaborative care (42% versus 19%, X^2=8.1, p=0.004)
Cooper, 2013	Maryland, Delaware 18 months	132 Black adults, age 18–75, with MDD as screened positive using Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), met DSM-IV criteria for MDD in past year, and had symptoms present for at least 1 week in past month Ethnic breakdown: 100% Black Women: 79.6%	-Culturally sensitive collaborative care intervention included a Black interventionist -Culturally targeted materials designed to address barriers to depression treatment (including images of Black individuals, personal true-story accounts from Black clinicians and patients)	CES-D CIDI	Blacks receiving culturally sensitive Collaborative Care were compared to those receiving standard Collaborative Care without cultural adaptation	Both the standard collaborative care group (−9.1, CI 12.8, 5.4) and the culturally sensitive collaborative care intervention group (−12.0, CI 15.7, 8.2) experienced statistically significant reductions in CES-D at 18 months that were clinically meaningful. There were no statistically significant differences in CES-D between groups over the follow-up period. At 12 months, 33% of the culturally sensitive group and 42% of the standard group achieved remission from depression; this difference was not statistically significant (OR 0.97; CI, 0.34, 2.80)
Yeung, 2016	Boston 6 months	190 Chinese American monolingual immigrant adults with PHQ-9 ≥10 and who met DSM-IV criteria for MDD as diagnosed by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Ethnic breakdown: 100% Chinese American Women: 63%	Psychiatrist and case managers were bilingual (Chinese/English) Bilingual screening measures, including PHQ-9 and HAM-D-17 Used Engagement Interview Protocol for cultural consultation (semi-structured interview protocol that explores illness beliefs, psychosocial background factors, etc. to facilitate discussion of psychiatric diagnosis in a culturally sensitive manner)	HAM-D-17 CGI-S, CGI-I	Chinese American patients in Collaborative Care were compared to those in usual care	Odds of achieving response and remission significantly greater in intervention versus control group (OR=3.9, 95% CI, 1.9 to 7.8 and OR=4.4, 95% CI, 1.9 to 9.9 respectively) Patients in intervention showed significantly greater improvement over time in HAM-D-17 (p = 0.002), CGI-S (p = 0.003), CGI-I (p = 0.02)
Jonassaint, 2017	Southwestern Pennsylvania 12 months	590 adults, age ≥18, with PHQ-9 ≥10 Ethnic breakdown: 15% Black, 85% White Women: 94%	None reported	PHQ-9	Black patients were compared to White patients, both of whom participated in Collaborative Care with computerized cognitive behavioral therapy “Beating the Blues”	Black participants trended toward a greater decrease in depressive symptoms than Whites (estimated 8-session change −6.6 vs −5.5, p=0.06)
Lagomasino, 2017	Los Angeles 16 weeks	400 adults, age ≥18, who screened positive for MDD or dysthymia using PHQ-9 (cutoff unspecified) and 2 questions from PRIME-MD Ethnic breakdown: 85% Latino, 4% White, 10% Black, 2% Other Women: 83%	Culturally adapted CBT available in Spanish Simplified language and graphics for low-literacy patients Depression care specialist dispelled culturally based misconceptions about depression as needed	PHQ-9	Patients in Collaborative Care were compared to those in “enhanced usual care” (ie, received educational pamphlet about depression, letter they could bring to PCP stating they screened positive for depression, list of local mental health resources)	PHQ-9 significantly lower at 16 weeks in intervention group compared to usual care (8.6 vs 13.3, p<.001)
Wu, 2018	LA county 12 months	1406 adults age ≥18, diagnosed with T2DM, who spoke English or Spanish, with a working phone number Ethnic breakdown: 89% Hispanic Women: 63%	-Automated telephone assessment and educational materials offered in Spanish and English	PHQ-9	Patients receiving collaborative care with technology assistance or Collaborative Care only were compared to those receiving usual care	Compared to physician-supported care only (UC=6.35), care management (SC=5.05, p=0.02) and technology-facilitated care management (TC=5.16, p=0.02) were both significantly associated with decreased PHQ-9 scores. Only technology-facilitated care management was associated with improved depression remission compared to physician-supported care only. No significant differences in depression outcomes between care management and technology-facilitated care management
Emery-Tiburcio, 2019	Chicago 12 months	250 adults, age ≥60 years, with PHQ-9 score ≥8 Ethnic breakdown: 50% Hispanic, 50% Black Women: 80.4%	PHQ-9 and psychotherapy were provided in English or Spanish	PHQ-9	Patients receiving Collaborative Care plus membership in Generations, an older adult educational activity program, were compared to those receiving only Generations	Significantly more participants in the care management group (69.7%) than physician-care only group (52.1%) had achieved 50% or greater reduction in depressive symptoms (p=0.012)
Observational Studies
Alexopoulos, 2005	New York City, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Pittsburgh, PA 2 years	396 adults, age ≥60, English-speaking with MMSE >18 and CES-D score >20 Ethnic breakdown: 83% Black, 13% Hispanic, 1% Asian, 3% other Women: 71.6%	None reported	HDRS	Patients receiving Collaborative Care were compared to those receiving usual care	When remission defined as HDRS<10, care management practices had higher likelihood of remission than practices offering usual care. By 8 months, 43% of patients receiving the care management intervention had achieved remission compared with 28% of patients receiving usual care
Huang, 2011	Western Washington State 1 month	661 women, age ≥18, who are either pregnant or parenting a child with PHQ-9 score ≥10 Ethnic breakdown: 59.5% Latina, 19.1% White, 11.3% Black, 10.1% Asian Women: 100%	None reported	PHQ-9	Women receiving Collaborative Care who identify as non-Hispanic white, black, and Asian were compared to Latina patients	66% of Latina patients had 50% or greater reduction in PHQ-9 score compared to 53% white, 40% black, and 51% Asian patients (p<0.001).
Uebelacker, 2011	Rhode Island 12 weeks	38 Hispanic adults, age ≥18 who met DSM-IV criteria for major depression, minor depression, or dysthymia Ethnic breakdown: 100% Hispanic Women: 95%	Bilingual research staff (Spanish/English) Bilingual and bicultural depression care managers Bilingual screening measures	QIDS-Clinician version CES-D	Patients receiving telephone depression care management were compared to those receiving usual care	No significant difference in QIDS or CES-D scores between patients who received telephone depression care management and those who received usual care only
Sanchez, 2012	Austin, Texas 3 months	269 adults age ≥18 who screened in for depression using PHQ-9 (cutoff not specified) Ethnic breakdown: 35% non-Hispanic Whites, 55% Hispanics, 10% other Women: 81%	Bilingual staff (Spanish/English) Bilingual screening measures (PHQ-9)	PHQ-9	Minority groups were compared to non-Hispanic Whites in Collaborative Care intervention	Spanish-speaking Hispanic patients had significantly greater odds of achieving clinically meaningful improvement compared to non-Hispanic whites (odds ratio [OR] = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.214.95; p = .013)
Kwong, 2013	New York City, NY 12 weeks	57 Asian American adults, age ≥18 with PHQ-9 ≥8 and confirmed with mini international neurop sychiatric interview Ethnic breakdown: 100% Asian American Women: 68%	Bilingual educational materials	PHQ-9	Asian American patients receiving Collaborative Care were compared to Asian American patients receiving physician-only care	No statistically significant difference in reduction in PHQ-9 scores between patients who received care management support and those who received physician only care.
Ratzliff, 2013	Washington state 16 weeks	345 adults age >18 with PHQ-9 ≥10 Ethnic breakdown: 58% Asian Americans (suspected mostly Chinese and Vietnamese but could not further characterize) Women: 69%	Multilingual, culturally sensitive clinics Used clinic interpreters as needed	PHQ-9	Asian American patients in culturally sensitive Collaborative Care clinics were compared to Asian American and White patients in general Collaborative Care clinics (i.e. without culturally sensitive components)	No statistically significant differences among groups for improvement of depressive symptoms
Angstman, 2015	Midwestern United States multisite practice 6 months	7010 adults, age ≥18 with PHQ-9 ≥10 Ethnic breakdown: 91.8% non-Hispanic white, 2.1% Black, 1.0% Hispanic, 1.7% Asian, 3.4% Other Women: 71%	No specific cultural modifications except for 1 clinical health center that had an emphasis on treating immigrant populations with multicultural and multilingual staff	PHQ-9 MDQ	Patients receiving Collaborative Care were compared to those receiving usual care	Minority patients who received collaborative care had significantly improved outcomes at 6 months with 50.3% reaching remission (vs. 10.2%, P< 0.001) and only 26.6% remaining in persistent depressive state (vs. 63.3%, P< 0.001) compared to those who received usual care.
Eghaneyan, 2017	Urban center in northern Texas 1 year	45 adult Hispanic women, age >18 who screened positive for depression on PHQ-9 Ethnic breakdown: 100% Hispanic Women: 100%	Majority of staff was Spanish-speaking	PHQ-9	Baseline PHQ-9 scores of Hispanic women were compared to PHQ-9 scores at their last appointment	There was a statistically significant decrease in PHQ-9 score from baseline compared to the last appointment (18.98 vs 14.33, p<0.001).
Bowen, 2020	Rocky Mountain West, Upper Great Plains, Alaska 2 years	1993 adults age ≥18 Ethnic breakdown: 345 AI/AN patients (17%), 1473 White patients (74%), and 175 Other (e.g. Asian, Black, etc.) patients (9%) Women (of AI/AN group): 71.4%	None reported	PHQ-9	Native American/Native Alaskan patients in Collaborative Care were compared to White patients in Collaborative Care and “Other” (Asian, Black etc.) patients in collaborative care	Native American/Native Alaskan patients were more likely to have depression response compared to White patients (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.1.−1.7) though statistically significant differences between these two groups disappeared after controlling for clinic

Definition(s): Usual care defined as physician-supported care without case management and with standard referrals to specialist clinic Abbreviations: PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; HDRS = 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAM-D-17 = 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CGI-S = Clinical Global Impression, Severity; CGI-I = Clinical Global Impression, Improvement; HSCL-20 = Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-20; MDQ = Mood Disorders Questionnaire; QIDS = Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology