Table 1.
Exposure distributions by survival outcome and combined survival outcomes for selected exposures and birth defects; National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 – 2011.
| Survival Outcome |
Combined Survival Outcomes |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Live births | Stillbirths | Terminations | Live births | Live births & Stillbirths | Live births, Stillbirths & Terminations | |
| N (%a) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%a) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Anencephaly | ||||||
| Total | 219 (33.4) | 153 (23.3) | 284 (43.2) | |||
| Main Exposures | ||||||
| Smokingb | 18 (8.2) | 22 (14.4) | 36 (12.7) | 18 (8.2) | 40 (10.8) | 76 (11.6) |
| Antiepileptic Drugsb | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 8 (1.2) |
| Multifetal Pregnancyc | 26 (11.9) | 9 (5.9) | 7 (2.5) | 26 (11.9) | 35 (9.4) | 42 (6.4) |
| Omphalocele | ||||||
| Total | 381 (85.8) | 36 (8.1) | 27 (6.1) | |||
| Main Exposures | ||||||
| Smoking | 86 (22.6) | 5 (13.9) | 2 (7.4) | 86 (22.6) | 91 (21.8) | 93 (20.9) |
| Antiepileptic Drugs | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) |
| Multifetal Pregnancy | 42 (11) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 42 (11.0) | 43 (10.3) | 43 (9.7) |
| Spina Bifida | ||||||
| Total | 1141 (88.2) | 30 (2.3) | 122 (9.4) | |||
| Main Exposures | ||||||
| Smoking | 193 (16.9) | 5 (13.9) | 2 (7.4) | 193 (16.9) | 200 (17.1) | 218 (16.9) |
| Antiepileptic Drugs | 28 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.5) | 28 (2.5) | 28 (2.4) | 31 (2.4) |
| Multifetal Pregnancy | 42 (3.7) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (1.6) | 42 (3.7) | 43 (3.7) | 45 (3.5) |
| Cleft Palate | ||||||
| Total | 1607 (98.5) | 17 (1) | 7 (0.4) | |||
| Main Exposures | ||||||
| Smoking | 343 (21.3) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (28.6) | 343 (21.3) | 344 (21.2) | 346 (21.2) |
| Antiepileptic Drugs | 27 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (1.7) | 27 (1.7) | 24 (1.7) |
| Multifetal Pregnancy | 65 (4) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 65 (4) | 66 (4.1) | 66 (4) |
a
Row percentages
b
First trimester exposure
c
If multiple fetuses in a multifetal pregnancy had eligible defects the oldest fetus was selected for inclusion