Table 1.

Characteristics of the study participants (n = 46).

Characteristic	Category	n	Mean (sd) or %
Age	All	46	24.2 (8.2)
Sex	Males	13	28.3
	Females	33	71.7
Body mass index (kg/m2)^	All	46	22.5 (3.8)
	< 25 kg/m2	40	87.0
	≥ 25 kg/m2	6	13.0
Racial Group	Asian	26	56.5
	Caucasian	10	21.7
	South Asian or Pakistani	4	8.7
	Latin, Latino or Latino American	3	6.5
	Mixed race	2	4.3
	Black	1	2.2
History of cardiovascular problems*	Yes	2	4.3
Regular medication use**	Yes	10	21.7
Past 24-h alcohol consumption (visit 1) ***	Yes	5	11
Past 24-h alcohol consumption (visit 2)^^	Yes	2	5
Past 24-h caffeine consumption (visit 1)	Yes	16	35
Past 24-h caffeine consumption (visit 2)^^	Yes	15	37
Time between visits (days) ^^	All who completed both visits	41	14.7 (6.8)

^{^}Body mass index (BMI) cutoff was chosen according to Canadian risk threshold guidelines defining BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² as overweight or obese⁶⁸. *High blood pressure (1 participant), history of heart flutters (1 participant). **Birth control (7 participants), Wellbutrin, Cymbalta/Wellbutrin/Abilify (2 participants), Claritin for allergies (1 participant). ***Not reported by 2 participants. ^{^^}5 participants did not do the second visit. There was no reported environmental smoke exposure (if anyone has smoked inside the home or in their vicinity in the past 24 h).