Table 3.

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and mortality among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients

	PM2.5 per 5 ug/m3				PM2.5 ≥12 ug/m3
	5 years post-diagnosis		10 years post-diagnosis		5 years post-diagnosis		10 years post-diagnosis
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Cancer mortality
All cancer types	1.06	0.99–1.12	1.04	0.96–1.12	1.21a	1.16–1.26	1.21a	1.14–1.28
Leukemias	0.98	0.78–1.22	0.93	0.77–1.13	1.26	0.91–1.74	1.27	0.96–1.67
Lymphomas	0.89	0.73–1.08	0.91	0.76–1.09	1.19	0.85–1.66	1.33	0.94–1.87
Central nervous system and intracranial/spinal neoplasms	1.20a	1.06–1.36	1.20a	1.04–1.38	1.49a	1.24–1.79	1.63a	1.45–1.83
Bone tumors	1.00	0.81–1.23	0.96	0.75–1.24	0.94	0.55–1.59b	0.97	0.63–1.49
Melanoma and skin carcinomas	1.17	0.90–1.52	1.13	0.83–1.52	1.53a	1.17–2.01	1.33	0.97–1.82
Carcinomas	1.14a	1.06–1.22	1.10a	1.02–1.18	1.24a	1.18–1.31	1.18a	1.11–1.25
Sarcomas, all sites	0.89	0.79–1.01	0.87	0.76–1.00	0.85	0.61–1.17	0.82	0.59–1.14
Soft tissue and heart sarcomas	0.93	0.74–1.17	0.93	0.74–1.17	0.96	0.67–1.37	0.88	0.62–1.24
Sarcomas, other sites	0.77	0.30–1.94b	0.77	0.30–1.94b	0.53	0.11–2.67b	0.66	0.21–2.04b
All-cause mortality
All cancer types	1.06a	1.01–1.13	1.04	0.96–1.12	1.25a	1.22–1.29	1.23a	1.17–1.28
Leukemias	0.98	0.77–1.25	0.94	0.76–1.16	1.18	0.89–1.56	1.18	0.92–1.50
Lymphomas	0.96	0.75–1.23	0.95	0.75–1.18	1.27a	1.02–1.58	1.26	0.98–1.61
Central nervous system and intracranial/spinal neoplasms	1.22a	1.12–1.33	1.19a	1.05–1.36	1.47a	1.26–1.71	1.56a	1.33–1.83
Bone tumors	1.00	0.79–1.26	0.97	0.73–1.28	1.13	0.91–1.39	1.18	0.93–1.49
Melanoma and skin carcinomas	1.13	0.91–1.41	1.08	0.86–1.37	1.76a	1.43–2.16	1.56a	1.30–1.88
Carcinomas	1.14a	1.08–1.20	1.09a	1.03–1.16	1.27a	1.18–1.37	1.19a	1.13–1.26
Sarcomas, all sites	0.85	0.71–1.01	0.84	0.69–1.01	0.81	0.56–1.18	0.79	0.55–1.13
Soft tissue and heart sarcomas	0.87	0.66–1.16	0.84	0.61–1.15	0.91	0.66–1.26	0.84	0.60–1.17
Sarcomas, other sites	0.77	0.30–1.94b	0.88	0.48–1.59b	0.53	0.11–2.67b	0.66	0.21–2.04b

HR=hazard ratio; 95% CI=95% confidence interval; Cumulative average monthly PM_2.5 over all residential ZIP codes over 5 and 10 years; Models for all cancer types are adjusted for cancer diagnosis, and all models are adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age at diagnosis, and census tract SES at diagnosis clustered by county; Separate baseline hazard included for stage of diagnosis; Estimates rounded to the nearest hundredth;

^aHazard ratios significant if null value not included in the 95% CI;

^bRatio of upper-to-lower 95% confidence interval is ≥3.