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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 28.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2020 Apr 6;124(12):1264–1276. doi: 10.1017/S0007114520001269

Table 4:

Coefficient estimates (β±SE) for associations between cognitive test performance and hAlzScore by time and diet, for HANDLS participants >50y of age with complete and reliable cognitive test scores derived from mixed-effects linear regression models

All Women Men
Mini-Mental State E×am, MMSEe2,f1,h1 N=225; k=1.82 N=123; k=1.85 N=181; k=1.77
  Time −0.0±0.17 −0.64±0.55 −0.10±0.26
  hAlzScore −0.12*±0.07 −0.05±0.09 −0.15±0.11
  hAlzScore × Time 0.02±0.02 0.01±0.02 0.02±0.03
  Diet Change# 0.06±0.14 −0.09±0.16 0.02±0.26
  Diet Change × Time −0.02±0.04 0.05±0.04 0.02±0.07
  hAlzScore × Diet Change −0.00±0.08 −0.06±0.09 0.19±0.14
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.03±0.02 0.04**±0.02 −0.04±0.04
  Initial Diet^ −0.05±0.11 −0.18±0.13 −0.10±0.22
  Initial Diet × Time 0.01±0.03 0.04±0.03 0.06±0.06
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.05±0.06 −0.02±0.07 0.25**±0.12
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.01 −0.03±0.03
California Verbal Learning Test CVLT, List Ab1,d2 N=223; k=1.76 N=122; k=1.8 N=173; k=1.71
  Time −0.80*±0.43 −2.22±1.52 −0.57±0.53
  hAlzScore −0.36*±0.20 −0.44*±0.24 −0.24±0.33
  hAlzScore × Time 0.05±0.05 0.16**±0.07 −0.08±0.07
  Diet Change 0.36±0.36 0.06±0.42 0.99±0.70
  Diet Change × Time −0.04±0.10 −0.16±0.13 0.24±0.15
  hAlzScore × Diet Change −0.22±0.22 −0.17±0.26 −0.25±0.38
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.15***±0.06 0.21***±0.08 0.02±0.08
  Initial Diet −0.07±0.31 −0.13±0.36 −0.07±0.57
  Initial Diet × Time −0.04±0.08 −0.06±0.10 0.06±0.13
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet −0.10±0.18 −0.30±0.21 −0.05±0.32
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.12***±0.04 0.18***±0.06 0.03±0.07
California Verbal Learning Test CVLT, Free Recall Long Delay FRLD N=219; k=1.74 N=121; k=1.78 N=167; k=1.7
  Time −0.41**±0.19 −1.15*±0.63 −0.83**±0.27
  hAlzScore −0.21**±0.10 0.02±0.13 −0.50***±0.14
  hAlzScore × Time 0.02±0.02 0.02±0.03 0.04±0.04
  Diet Change −0.05±0.18 −0.29±0.23 0.71**±0.29
  Diet Change × Time 0.03±0.04 0.08±0.06 −0.05±0.07
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 0.11±0.11 0.19±0.14 −0.09±0.16
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.03±0.02 0.04±0.03 0.03±0.04
  Initial Diet −0.03±0.16 −0.15±0.21 0.42*±0.24
  Initial Diet × Time −0.02±0.03 0.02±0.04 −0.10*±0.06
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.03±0.09 0.02±0.12 −0.14±0.14
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.04**±0.02 0.05**±0.03 0.05±0.04
Benton Visual Retention Test, BVRT a2 N=227; k=1.89 N=123; k=1.92 N=192; k=1.85
  Time 0.80*±0.41 −2.84*±1.46 1.04**±0.48
  hAlzScore 0.29±0.19 0.71***±0.26 −0.09±0.27
  hAlzScore × Time −0.07±0.04 −0.10±0.06 0.02±0.06
  Diet Change −0.31±0.37 −0.35±0.46 −0.48±0.67
  Diet Change × Time −0.07±0.10 0.00±0.13 −0.08±0.16
  hAlzScore × Diet Change −0.20±0.23 −0.29±0.30 0.27±0.35
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.05±0.06 0.06±0.08 −0.02±0.08
  Initial Diet −0.16±0.31 −0.16±0.37 −0.07±0.55
  Initial Diet × Time 0.00±0.07 0.07±0.10 −0.11±0.12
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.07±0.17 0.05±0.20 0.36±0.30
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time −0.10**±0.04 −0.10**±0.05 −0.07±0.07
Brief Test of Attention N=220; k=1.78 N=121; k=1.81 N=173; k=1.75
  Time 0.27±0.24 0.11±0.55 0.21±0.24
  hAlzScore −0.04±0.09 −0.14±0.11 −0.01±0.13
  hAlzScore × Time −0.01±0.03 0.00±0.02 0.01±0.03
  Diet Change −0.29*±0.18 −0.32±0.20 −0.19±0.30
  Diet Change × Time 0.04±0.06 0.02±0.04 0.10±0.07
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 0.08±0.10 0.23*±0.12 −0.10±0.16
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time −0.00±0.03 −0.01±0.02 0.04±0.04
  Initial Diet −0.37**±0.15 −0.50***±0.17 0.03±0.26
  Initial Diet × Time 0.04±0.04 0.04±0.03 −0.03±0.06
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.09±0.09 −0.00±0.09 −0.01±0.15
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time −0.01±0.02 −0.01±0.02 0.05±0.04
Animal Fluency N=228; k=1.95 N=124; k=1.95 N=201; k=1.93
  Time 0.33±0.26 0.48±1.65 0.63±0.39
  hAlzScore 0.05±0.18 0.13±0.25 0.15±0.29
  hAlzScore × Time −0.04±0.03 −0.05±0.07 −0.09*±0.05
  Diet Change −0.14±0.35 −0.05±0.44 −0.20±0.71
  Diet Change × Time 0.11*±0.06 0.16±0.14 0.03±0.12
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 0.00±0.21 −0.18±0.26 0.12±0.37
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.02±0.04 0.01±0.08 0.06±0.06
  Initial Diet 0.04±0.29 0.30±0.36 −0.59±0.59
  Initial Diet × Time 0.02±0.05 0.02±0.11 −0.00±0.10
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.32**±0.16 0.30±0.20 0.32±0.32
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time −0.03±0.03 −0.05±0.06 0.04±0.05
Digits Span, Forwardh2 N=226; k=1.85 N=123; k=1.83 N=192; k=1.86
  Time 0.14±0.11 0.25±0.36 0.31*±0.16
  hAlzScore 0.01±0.07 −0.02±0.09 0.13±0.11
  hAlzScore × Time −0.00±0.01 −0.00±0.02 −0.00±0.02
  Diet Change 0.24*±0.14 0.44***±0.17 0.06±0.26
  Diet Change × Time −0.00±0.03 0.01±0.03 −0.01±0.05
  hAlzScore × Diet Change −0.01±0.08 0.03±0.10 −0.00±0.14
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.00±0.02 0.00±0.02 −0.02±0.03
  Initial Diet 0.14±0.11 0.20±0.14 0.03±0.21
  Initial Diet × Time −0.01±0.02 −0.02±0.03 0.00±0.04
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet −0.03±0.06 −0.08±0.07 0.10±0.12
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time −0.00±0.01 0.01±0.01 −0.03±0.02
Digits Span, Backwarda1 N=226; k=1.84 N=123; k=1.82 N=192; k=1.86
  Time −0.26*±0.15 −0.40±0.51 −0.17±0.21
  hAlzScore −0.06±0.07 −0.19**±0.09 0.13±0.10
  hAlzScore × Time 0.01±0.02 0.03±0.02 −0.00±0.03
  Diet Change 0.07±0.13 0.14±0.16 −0.04±0.24
  Diet Change × Time 0.02±0.04 0.05±0.05 −0.00±0.06
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 0.00±0.08 0.05±0.10 −0.08±0.13
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time 0.02±0.02 0.05*±0.03 −0.03±0.03
  Initial Diet −0.13±0.11 −0.21±0.14 0.08±0.19
  Initial Diet × Time 0.05±0.03 0.06*±0.04 0.00±0.05
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet −0.05±0.06 −0.06±0.07 −0.11±0.11
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.02±0.02 0.01±0.02 0.01±0.03
Clock, Commandb1 N=228; k=1.93 N=125; k=1.95 N=195; k=1.89
  Time 0.06±0.09 0.18±0.32 0.03±0.12
  hAlzScore −0.01±0.04 −0.02±0.06 −0.04±0.07
  hAlzScore × Time 0.01±0.01 −0.01±0.01 0.04***±0.02
  Diet Change 0.14*±0.08 0.03±0.10 0.26*±0.16
  Diet Change × Time −0.02±0.02 −0.02±0.03 −0.04±0.04
  hAlzScore × Diet Change −0.02±0.05 0.01±0.06 −0.12±0.08
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time −0.00±0.01 0.00±0.02 −0.01±0.02
  Initial Diet 0.01±0.07 −0.12±0.08 0.13±0.13
  Initial Diet × Time 0.02±0.02 0.02±0.02 −0.00±0.03
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.05±0.04 0.05±0.05 0.01±0.07
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.02
Trailmaking Test, Part A N=224; k=1.84 N=123; k=1.87 N=101; k=1.81
  Time −0.01±0.04 0.13±0.11 0.02±0.05
  hAlzScore −0.00±0.02 0.02±0.02 0.00±0.02
  hAlzScore × Time 0.03±0.03 −0.01±0.01 −0.00±0.00
  Diet Change −0.01±0.01 −0.00±0.04 0.03±0.06
  Diet Change × Time 0.01±0.02 −0.01±0.01 −0.03±0.02
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 1.07±0.75 0.02±0.03 −0.01±0.03
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time −0.00±0.00 −0.01±0.01 0.00±0.00
  Initial Diet −0.01±0.03 −0.05±0.03 −0.00±0.05
  Initial Diet × Time −0.01±0.01 −0.02***±0.01 0.00±0.01
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet −0.00±0.02 −0.02±0.02 0.01±0.03
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.01
Trailmaking Test, Part Bc1,d1,g1 N=222; k=1.77 N=123; k=1.76 N=99; k=1.78
  Time −0.07±0.05 −0.25*±0.15 −0.06±0.06
  hAlzScore −0.06±0.02 −0.00±0.04 −0.08±0.03
  hAlzScore × Time 0.00±0.01 −0.00±0.01 0.00±0.07
  Diet Change 0.06±0.05 0.12*±0.07 −0.09±0.08
  Diet Change × Time −0.02±0.01 −0.03***±0.01 0.01±0.01
  hAlzScore × Diet Change 0.02±0.03 0.04±0.04 0.02±0.04
  hAlzScore × Diet Change × Time −0.00±0.01 −0.01±0.01 0.06±0.01
  Initial Diet −0.02±0.04 −0.01±0.05 −0.06±0.06
  Initial Diet × Time −0.00±0.01 −0.01±0.01 0.03±0.01
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet 0.05±0.02 0.03±0.03 0.06±0.03
  hAlzScore × Initial Diet ×Time −0.00±0.00 −0.00±0.01 −0.00±0.01

Abbreviations: HANDLS= Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Lifespan; hAlzScore= HANDLS Alzheimer’s Risk Score; MMSE= Mini-Mental State Examination; CVLT-List A= California Verbal Learning test- List A; CVLT-DFR= California Verbal Learning Test-Long-Delayed Free Recall; BVRT= Benton Visual Retention Test; Attention= Brief Test of Attention; Trails A= Trailmaking Test A; Trails B= Trailmaking Test B; Digit Span Forward= Digits Span Forward Test; Digit Span Backward= Digits Span Backward Test; Clock Command= Clock Command Test; Identical Pictures= Identical Pictures Test; Card Rotation= Card rotation Test; Animal Fluency= Animal Fluency Test.

#

2Represents change in diet quality over time (~5 years from baseline)

^

22Represents diet quality at baseline (Time 0)

a×

2Continuous covariates were mean-centered.

2k= the total number of observations/total number of groups per test

***

p<0.01,

**

p<0.05,

*

p<0.10;

a1

indicates significant interaction between se× and hAlzScore at the p<0.05 level;

a2

22indicates significant interaction between se× and hAlzScore at the p<0.10 level;

b1

indicates significant interaction between se× and hAlzScore and time at the p<0.05 level;

b2

indicates significant interaction between se× and hAlzScore and time at the p<0.10 level;

c1

2indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) at the p<0.05 level;

c2

2indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) at the p<0.10 level;

d1

2indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and time at the p<0.05 level;

d2

22indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and time at the p<0.10 level;

e1

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and hAlzScore at the p<0.05 level;

e2

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and hAlzScore at the p<0.10 level;

f1

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and hAlzScore and time at the p<0.05 level;

f2

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet (change) and hAlzScore and time at the p<0.10 level;

g1

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet and time at the p<0.05 level;

g2

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet and time at the p<0.10 level;

h1

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet and hAlzScore at the p<0.05 level;

h2

indicates significant interaction between se× and diet and hAlzScore at the p<0.10 level;