TABLE 3.
Percentage (±SD) of the distribution of the verbal behaviors of coaches according to their academic background.
| Verbal behavior | Average | Non-university (%) | University (%) | p | F | |
| Instruction | 39.80 (8.88) | 43.18 (9.07) | 36.41 (7.37) | 0.012** | 6.60 | 0.08 |
| Positive specific feedback | 10.95 (5.40) | 12.17 (6.19) | 9.72 (4.22) | 0.056 | 3.77 | 0.05 |
| Hustle | 7.20 (3.58) | 6.50 (3.61) | 7.89 (3.46) | 0.957 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Game information/result | 5.67 (8.77) | 7.04 (11.07) | 4.30 (5.45) | 0.150 | 2.12 | 0.03 |
| Management direct | 5.51 (3.69) | 4.75 (3.52) | 6.26 (3.74) | 0.184 | 1.80 | 0.02 |
| Other uncategorized behaviors | 4.62 (2.71) | 4.45 (2.99) | 4.78 (2.41) | 0.201 | 1.66 | 0.02 |
| Encourage | 4.48 (2.94) | 4.70 (3.06) | 4.26 (2.83) | 0.576 | 0.31 | 0.00 |
| Negative general feedback | 3.63 (2.43) | 2.73 (2.02) | 4.53 (2.49) | 0.008* | 7.48 | 0.09 |
| Positive general feedback | 2.90 (2.61) | 1.99 (2.04) | 3.80 (2.82) | 0.026* | 5.18 | 0.07 |
| Response to question | 2.77 (1.81) | 2.38 (1.46) | 3.15 (2.05) | 0.188 | 1.77 | 0.02 |
| Explanation/information | 2.61 (1.24) | 2.30 (1.26) | 2.91 (1.15) | 0.080 | 3.16 | 0.04 |
| Corrective feedback | 2.44 (1.74) | 1.84 (1.35) | 3.04 (1.89) | 0.018* | 5.86 | 0.07 |
| Negative specific feedback | 1.96 (2.09) | 1.58 (1.58) | 2.33 (2.46) | 0.305 | 0.30 | 0.01 |
| Alert/report | 1.62 (2.12) | 1.31 (1.94) | 1.92 (2.26) | 0.707 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
| Convergent question | 1.31 (1.18) | 0.84 (0.90) | 1.77 (1.26) | 0.002* | 9.96 | 0.12 |
| Divergent question | 0.75 (0.88) | 0.58 (0.83) | 0.92 (0.91) | 0.159 | 2.02 | 0.02 |
| Humor | 0.72 (1.44) | 0.26 (0.45) | 1.18 (1.90) | 0.003* | 9.33 | 0.12 |
| Positive modeling | 0.39 (0.45) | 0.33 (0.34) | 0.45 (0.54) | 0.360 | 0.84 | 0.01 |
| Verbal protocol analysis | 0.38 (0.40) | 0.42 (0.41) | 0.33 (0.39) | 0.319 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
| Scold | 0.32 (5.55) | 0.17 (0.22) | 0.47 (0.73) | 0.060 | 3.67 | 0.05 |
| Praise | 0.26 (0.51) | 0.22 (0.25) | 0.30 (0.69) | 0.874 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Negative modeling | 0.07 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.22) | 0.494 | 0.47 | 0.00 |
| Punishment | 0.05 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.18) | 0.03 (0.11) | 0.119 | 2.49 | 0.03 |
| Physical assistance | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | – |
*Significant statistically differences in favor of coaches with university studies. **Significant statistically differences in favor of coaches without university studies.