Effect of GD-induced status epilepticus and delayed midazolam monotherapy or midazolam/ketamine combination treatment on microgliosis and microglia activation in Es1−/− mice. At 2 weeks following SC exposure to GD and delayed midazolam (GD + MDZ) or midazolam/ketamine (GD + MDZ/KET) treatment, ES1−/− mice were perfused and brains collected for immunohistochemistry processing with an antibody against ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) to visualize microglia. Cresyl violet was used as counterstain for visualization of anatomic landmarks. Measures of (A) cell density and (B) cell-body-to-cell-size ratio and cell density of Iba1-positive (Iba1+) cells were estimated in the bregma range of −1.28 to −1.64 mm in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, dorsomedial thalamus, dorsolateral thalamus, basolateral amygdala, and layer 3 of the piriform cortex. (C) Representative images are shown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared to control (No GD) group. ^P < 0.05, ^^^P < 0.001, GD + MDZ compared to GD + MDZ/KET group.