Table 6.
Summary of major human studies of prebiotic interventions, their mechanism of action and their outcomes related to T1D.
| Name of Probiotic strains | Study type | Prebiotic type and dose | Duration of intervention | Mechanism of action | Outcomes | Reference | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary fiber | 106 outpatients with type 1 diabetes; age 40 ± 11 years | fiber intake > 20 g/day | - | - Develop anti-inflammatory properties - Shows inverse association between some nutritional habits and highly sensitive -C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) |
- Suggests that an increased consumption of dietary fiber > 30 g/day may play a role in reducing inflammation in individuals with type 1 diabetes. - Lower the risk of coronary disease |
(157) | 2014 |
| Oligofructose enriched inulin | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in children aged 8 to 17 years with T1D for at least 1 year | Placebo (maltodextrin 3.3 g orally/day) or prebiotics (oligofructose-enriched inulin 8 g orally/day; Synergy1, Beneo, Mannheim, Germany) | 12 weeks | - Changes gut microbiota, gut permeability and inflammation. - Decreases endotoxemia and reduces insulin resistance - Improves glycemic control |
- Potentially novel, inexpensive, low-risk treatment addition for T1D | (134) | 2016 |
| Adjunct therapy with dapagliflozin | 33 youths (14 males, median age 16 years, diabetes duration 8 years) | 10 mg DAPA or placebo during dosing visits | - | - Reduces the insulin dose required as a medication - Improves the glycemic control by targeting the glucose level - Increases the urine glucose excretion |
- Potential therapy in the pediatric age group by lowering insulin dose and increasing glucose excretion. | (135) | 2017 |
| Dietary fiber intake | 111 outpatients with T1D | daily intake (<14 g fiber/1,000 kcal) or (≥14 g/1,000 kcal) | dietary intake was evaluated by 3-day weighed-diet records | - Reduction in the use of medicine for diabetes (insulin) and hypertension (ACE inhibitors) treatment - Shows lower the blood pressure - Shows lower body mass index (BMI) - No significant association between increased fiber intake (≥14 g/1,000 kcal/day) and serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, or LDL cholesterol. |
- Associated with lower blood pressure levels in patients with type 1 diabetes | (136) | 2018 |