Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects who were included in the 1-year follow-up and who completed the 27-month exercise program.
| Total | Completed the study | One-year follow-up | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 402 (100.0) | 60 (14.9) | 342 (85.1) | |
| Sex, female | 344 (85.6) | 49 (81.7) | 295 (86.3) | 0.351 |
| Age, years | 77.5±6.4 | 76.2±5.4 | 77.7±6.5 | 0.089 |
| Education, years | 5.2±4.6 | 5.2±4.6 | 5.3±4.6 | 0.974 |
| Literate | 321 (76.9) | 45 (75.0) | 276 (80.7) | 0.310 |
| Living alone | 161 (40.0) | 22 (36.7) | 139 (40.6) | 0.562 |
| Medical insurance | 306 (76.1) | 60 (100.0) | 246 (71.9) | <0.001 |
| Diseases | ||||
| Hypertension | 255 (64.4) | 40 (66.7) | 215 (62.9) | 0.573 |
| Diabetes | 102 (25.4) | 15 (25.0) | 87 (25.4) | 0.943 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 100 (24.9) | 17 (28.3) | 83 (24.3) | 0.502 |
| Heart disease | 59 (14.7) | 6 (10.0) | 53 (15.5) | 0.267 |
| Stroke | 24 (6.0) | 3 (5.0) | 21 (6.1) | 0.731 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Vigorous | 8 (1.2) | 1 (1.7) | 7 (2.2) | 0.785 |
| Moderate | 152 (37.8) | 11 (18.3) | 141 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| Walking | 331 (82.3) | 59 (98.3) | 272 (86.4) | 0.008 |
| Sitting | 218 (54.2) | |||
| MMSE-DS score | 24.5±4.2 | 24.2±4.9 | 24.6±4.0 | 0.554 |
| Cognitive impairment | 38 (9.5) | 10 (16.7) | 28 (8.2) | 0.038 |
| GDS-SF score | 4.6±4.2 | 3.5±3.4 | 4.8±4.3 | 0.008 |
| Depression | 98 (24.4) | 9 (15.0) | 89 (26.0) | 0.067 |
| WHOQOL-BREF score | 82.9±15.6 | 88.4±11.8 | 81.9±16.0 | <0.001 |
| VAS-FOF score | 47.2±31.8 | 46.5±28.9 | 47.4±32.4 | 0.848 |
| 298 (74.1) | 46 (76.7) | 252 (73.7) | 0.627 | |
| IPAQ value, kcal | 1,258.3±1,339.1 | 1,372.4±1,396.6 | 1,238.3±1,329.8 | 0.475 |
| Normal | 337 (83.8) | 57 (95.0) | 280 (81.9) | 0.011 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 18.5±7.2 | 19.6±8.2 | 18.3±7.0 | 0.208 |
| Normal | 174 (43.3) | 34 (56.7) | 140 (40.9) | 0.023 |
| Walking speed, m/s | 0.9±0.3 | 0.9±0.3 | 0.9±0.3 | 0.058 |
| Normal | 270 (67.2) | 49 (81.7) | 221 (64.6) | 0.010 |
The chi-square test and ANOVA were used for group comparisons. Data are n (%) or mean±standard-deviation values.
GDS-SF: short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale, IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, MMSE-DS: Mini Mental State Examination for dementia screening, VAS-FOF: Visual Analogue Scale for fear of falling, WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment.