Table 2. Baseline characteristics of subjects in the three frailty groups who completed the 27-month study.
| Total | Frail | Prefrail | Not frail | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 60 (100.0) | 10 (16.7) | 29 (48.3) | 21 (35.0) | |
| Sex, female | 49 (81.7) | 10 (100.0) | 22 (75.9) | 17 (81.0) | 0.234 |
| Age, years | 76.2±5.4 | 78.7±4.8 | 76.6±4.8 | 74.4±6.1 | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 5.2±4.6 | 1.2±2.8 | 4.8±4.6 | 7.8±3.8 | 0.236 |
| Literate | 45 (75.0) | 3 (30.0) | 21 (72.4) | 21 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Living alone | 22 (36.7) | 4 (40.0) | 13 (44.8) | 5 (23.8) | 0.458 |
| Medical insurance | 60 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 29 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | |
| Diseases | |||||
| Hypertension | 40 (66.7) | 7 (70.0) | 18 (62.1) | 15 (71.4) | 0.763 |
| Diabetes | 15 (25.0) | 3 (30.0) | 8 (27.6) | 4 (19.1) | 0.729 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 17 (28.3) | 1 (10.0) | 9 (31.0) | 7 (33.3) | 0.365 |
| Heart disease | 6 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.5) | 5 (23.8) | 0.031 |
| Stroke | 3 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (4.8) | 0.113 |
| Dementia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.790 |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Vigorous | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.0) | |
| Moderate | 11 (18.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (28.6) | |
| Walking | 59 (98.3) | 10 (100.0) | 29 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | |
| MMSE-DS score | 24.2±5.0 | 17.5±5.3 | 24.1±4.0 | 27.4±2.0 | 0.003 |
| Cognitive impairment | 10 (16.7) | 5 (6.6) | 5 (3.9) | 0 (3.2) | 0.002 |
| GDS-SF score | 3.5±3.4 | 6.6±3.9 | 3.2±3.6 | 2.4±1.8 | 0.004 |
| Depression | 9 (15.0) | 6 (60.0) | 3 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| WHOQOL-BREF score | 88.4±11.8 | 84.4±16.2 | 90.5±11.1 | 87.3±10.4 | 0.169 |
| VAS-FOF score | 46.5±28.9 | 65.0±30.3 | 44.1±31.1 | 41.0±22.1 | 0.105 |
| IPAQ value, kcal | 1,372.4±1,396.6 | 595.8±293.3 | 1,197.3±1,032.8 | 1,983.9±1,866.4 | 0.089 |
| Normal | 57 (95.0) | 9 (90.0) | 27 (93.1) | 21 (100.0) | 0.396 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 19.6±8.2 | 11.8±4.1 | 19.6±9.1 | 23.3±5.6 | 0.028 |
| Normal | 34 (56.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (44.8) | 21 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Walking speed, m/s | 0.9±0.2 | 0.7±0.2 | 1.0±0.2 | 1.1±0.1 | 0.223 |
| Normal | 49 (81.7) | 4 (40.0) | 24 (82.8) | 21 (100.0) | <0.001 |
The chi-square test and ANOVA were used for group comparisons. Data are n (%) or mean±standard-deviation values.
GDS-SF: short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale, IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, MMSE-DS: Mini Mental State Examination for dementia screening, VAS-FOF: Visual Analogue Scale for fear of falling, WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment.