Table 3. Effects of multicomponent exercise according to the degree of frailty.
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | year | Intervention | Year×intervention | |
| MMSE-DS score | |||||||||
| Total (n=60) | 24.2±4.9 | 24.4±4.6 | 25.4±3.8 | 25.8±4.0 | 25.9±3.5 | 26.3±3.6 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.946 |
| Frail (n=10) | 17.5±5.3 | 19.4±4.4 | 20.1±2.9 | 20.8±3.7 | 22.3±4.1 | 22.1±4.6 | 0.001 | 0.072 | 0.309 |
| Prefrail (n=29) | 24.1±4.0 | 24.0±4.3 | 25.2±3.1 | 25.6±3.8 | 25.6±3.1 | 25.9±3.1 | <0.001 | 0.576 | 0.594 |
| Not frail (n=21) | 27.4±2.0 | 27.5±1.9 | 28.2±1.9 | 28.5±1.3 | 28.0±1.8 | 28.7±1.2 | 0.006 | 0.154 | 0.362 |
| Cognitive impairment | |||||||||
| Total | 10 (16.7) | 7 (11.7) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (3.3) | 5 (8.3) | 2 (3.3) | 0.153 | 0.010 | |
| Frail | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0.131 | <0.001 | |
| Prefrail | 5 (17.2) | 3 (10.3) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (3.4) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (3.4) | 0.276 | 0.249 | |
| Not frail | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| GDS-SF score | |||||||||
| Total | 3.5±3.4 | 3.3±3.5 | 3.3±3.7 | 2.2±3.0 | 2.7±3.1 | 2.6±3.3 | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.082 |
| Frail | 6.6±3.9 | 4.9±4.0 | 5.2±4.2 | 3.9±3.8 | 4.9±4.0 | 4.5±3.5 | 0.309 | 0.074 | 0.622 |
| Prefrail | 3.2±3.6 | 3.3±3.9 | 3.5±3.9 | 2.0±2.8 | 2.8±3.1 | 2.7±3.5 | 0.288 | 0.140 | 0.061 |
| Not frail | 2.4±1.8 | 2.3±2.3 | 2.2±2.7 | 1.8±2.8 | 1.5±2.1 | 1.6±2.6 | 0.099 | 0.592 | 0.769 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| Total | 9 (15.0) | 8 (13.3) | 10 (16.7) | 6 (10.0) | 6 (10.0) | 7 (11.7) | 0.421 | 0.424 | |
| Frail | 6 (60.0) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (30.0) | 2 (20.0) | 3 (30.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.357 | 0.162 | |
| Prefrail | 3 (10.3) | 5 (17.2) | 5 (17.2) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (10.3) | 4 (13.8) | 1.000 | 0.111 | |
| Not frail | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 1.000 | 0.161 | |
| WHOQOL-BREF score | |||||||||
| Total | 88.4±11.8 | 93.8±13.7 | 87.5±13.8 | 98.2±15.5 | 93.9±16.1 | 97.6±14.7 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Frail | 84.4±16.2 | 87.8±12.9 | 82.4±17.4 | 94.4±17.9 | 92.0±18.6 | 96.2±12.4 | 0.049 | 0.004 | 0.081 |
| Prefrail | 90.5±11.1 | 95.1±13.4 | 88.9±13.9 | 99.3±16.3 | 94.5±17.9 | 98.4±16.4 | 0.270 | <0.001 | 0.111 |
| Not frail | 87.3±1.4 | 94.7±14.4 | 87.8±11.9 | 98.4±13.7 | 93.8±12.6 | 97.0±13.9 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.090 |
| VAS-FOF score | |||||||||
| Total | 46.5±28.9 | 39.6±33.9 | 39.1±33.7 | 34.9±34.5 | 41.2±32.6 | 28.3±30.3 | 0.128 | 0.001 | 0.193 |
| Frail | 65.0±30.3 | 56.5±30.4 | 54.0±31.0 | 40.0±35.9 | 41.0±31.5 | 27.0±31.3 | 0.040 | 0.114 | 0.821 |
| Prefrail | 44.1±31.1 | 37.8±32.5 | 36.0±36.6 | 35.9±36.7 | 40.3±34.4 | 27.3±29.5 | 0.530 | 0.088 | 0.229 |
| Not frail | 41.0±22.1 | 34.1±36.2 | 36.2±30.1 | 31.2±31.9 | 42.4±32.2 | 30.2±32.3 | 0.839 | 0.009 | 0.682 |
| IPAQ value, kcal | |||||||||
| Total | 1,372.4±1,396.6 | 1,132.5±1,302.1 | 1,258.0±1,030.0 | 1,796.8±1,302.4 | 1,310.9±1,194.5 | 2,433.3±2,190.7 | 0.002 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Frail | 595.8±293.3 | 526.9±700.1 | 660.0±385.0 | 1,479.4±1,258.4 | 739.5±563.1 | 1,365.3±1,007.4 | 0.118 | 0.035 | 0.225 |
| Prefrail | 1,198.3±1,032.8 | 1,025.5±1,408.3 | 1,461.0±1,041.4 | 1,925.2±1,479.4 | 1,315.8±1,043.6 | 2,798.4±2,366.7 | 0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 |
| Not frail | 1,983.9±1,866.4 | 1,568.6±1,266.9 | 1,262.3±1,142.7 | 1,770.5±1,073.2 | 1,576.3±1,518.0 | 2,437.8±2,257.3 | 0.346 | 0.097 | 0.055 |
| Normal | |||||||||
| Total | 57 (95.0) | 49 (81.7) | 55 (91.7) | 58 (96.7) | 53 (88.3) | 57 (95.0) | 1.000 | 0.008 | |
| Frail | 9 (90.0) | 6 (60.0) | 9 (90.0) | 10 (100.0) | 7 (70.0) | 9 (90.0) | 0.714 | 0.025 | |
| Prefrail | 27 (93.1) | 23 (79.3) | 28 (96.6) | 27 (93.1) | 26 (89.7) | 28 (96.6) | 0.350 | 0.385 | |
| Not frail | 21 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 18 (85.7) | 21 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 0.301 | 0.072 | |
| Handgrip strength, kg | |||||||||
| Total | 19.6±8.2 | 19.9±9.1 | 20.9±8.4 | 21.6±8.2 | 20.3±7.5 | 21.0±7.8 | 0.010 | 0.037 | 0.807 |
| Frail | 11.8±4.1 | 13.8±3.0 | 14.1±3.3 | 16.0±3.9 | 13.8±2.8 | 15.0±2.8 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.798 |
| Prefrail | 19.6±9.1 | 18.9±9.8 | 20.8±9.3 | 21.7±9.2 | 20.2±7.9 | 21.1±8.9 | 0.003 | 0.337 | 0.124 |
| Not frail | 23.3±5.6 | 24.2±8.1 | 24.2±6.9 | 24.1±6.9 | 23.5±6.5 | 23.5±6.1 | 0.830 | 0.535 | 0.689 |
| Normal | |||||||||
| Total | 34 (56.7) | 29 (48.3) | 31 (51.7) | 33 (55.0) | 31 (51.7) | 34 (56.7) | 0.960 | 0.324 | |
| Frail | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.198 | 0.069 | |
| Prefrail | 13 (44.8) | 12 (41.4) | 11 (37.9) | 15 (51.7) | 12 (41.4) | 14 (48.3) | 0.696 | 0.117 | |
| Not frail | 21 (100.0) | 16 (76.2) | 19 (90.5) | 16 (76.2) | 17 (81.0) | 18 (85.7) | 0.749 | 0.410 | |
| Walking speed, m/s | |||||||||
| Total | 0.9±0.2 | 1.0±0.3 | 0.9±0.2 | 1.0±0.2 | 1.0±0.2 | 1.0±0.2 | 0.519 | 0.027 | 0.032 |
| Frail | 0.7±0.2 | 0.7±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.246 | 0.026 | 0.655 |
| Prefrail | 1.0±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.1 | 1.0±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.822 | 0.725 | 0.020 |
| Not frail | 1.1±0.1 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.0±0.1 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 0.760 | 0.027 | 0.317 |
| Normal | |||||||||
| Total | 49 (81.67) | 46 (76.67) | 50 (83.33) | 53 (88.33) | 47 (78.33) | 52 (86.67) | 0.910 | 0.015 | |
| Frail | 4 (40.0) | 3 (30.0) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (70.0) | 5 (50.0) | 6 (60.0) | 0.612 | 0.005 | |
| Prefrail | 24 (82.8) | 22 (75.9) | 25 (86.2) | 26 (89.7) | 22 (75.9) | 26 (89.7) | 0.796 | 0.034 | |
| Not frail | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 21 (100.0) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 20 (95.2) | 0.282 | 0.544 | |
Data are from two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and generalized estimating equations. Data are n (%) or mean±standard-deviation values.
GDS-SF: short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale, IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, MMSE-DS: Mini Mental State Examination for dementia screening, VAS-FOF: Visual Analogue Scale for fear of falling, WHOQOL-BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment.