Table 1.

Description of respectful maternity care studies

Author	Year	Place	Study setting	Study design	Number of participants	Age group	Method of data collection		Type of disrespect	Prevalence of disrespect and abuse	Limitations
Nawab et al.[10]	2019	Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh	Community (Rural)	Cross-sectional	305	<20->30	Interviews	Women at 4-6 weeks postpartum	Physical abuse, non-consented care, non-confidential care, discrimination, non-dignified care, abandonment, detention	84.3%	System based drivers and perception of healthcare providers were not explored.
Sharma et al.[6]	2019	Kannauj, Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Uttar Pradesh	26 Public and private Health facilities	Mixed methods	275	<20->35	open-ended questions and observation tool	Women during labor and childbirth	Physical abuse, companion not allowed, verbal abuse, lack of privacy, informal payments, non-consented care	100%	The study was not specifically looking at ill-treatment as a separate quality of care indicator. Observer bias. Limited sample from the private sector.
Bhattacharya 2018 et al.[7]	2018	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh	Community (Rural)	Cross-sectional	410	24.7+/-3.18	Interviews	Women who delivered at the health facility	Physical abuse, insults, threats, verbal abuse, neglect, non-confidential care, lack of cleanliness	92.7%	Findings cannot be generalized. Small sample size.
Singh et al.[11]	2018	New Delhi	3 hospitals/ Health facilities	Cross-sectional	63 health professionals observed based on a checklist	-	Observation	The second stage of labor to 2 hours post-delivery	Physical, verbal abuse, non-consented care, con-confidential care, lack of privacy, lack of dignity and respect, discrimination, left without care, detainment, threats	98%	Small sample size. Presence of the researcher influences the practices performed.
Dey et al.[8]	2017	Uttar Pradesh	81 public health facilities	Cross-sectional	875	17-49	Observations, Interviews	Women delivering in public health facilities interviewed 2-4 weeks post-delivery	Physical abuse, verbal abuse, threats, unavailability of provider, did not answer questions, incomplete information, non-consented care, discrimination, denial of treatment	77.3%	Findings cannot be generalized. The perception of healthcare providers were not explored. Inter-rater reliability not assessed. In the observational study, causality cannot be established.
Raj et al.[9]	2017	Uttar Pradesh	68 public health facilities	Cross-sectional	2639	17-48	Interviews	Women delivered at the health facility, interviews conducted an average of 4.5 weeks postpartum	Physical abuse, verbal abuse, non-consented care, stigma and discrimination, non-supportive care, denial of treatment	20.9%	Findings cannot be generalized. Recall bias. It did not include all domains of ill-treatment. Causality cannot be established.
Sudhinaraset et al.[12]	2016	Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh	Community (38 urban slums)	Mixed methods	392 quantitative sample, 26 qualitative sample	18-30	Survey, focus group discussions	Women with a child under the age of 5, delivered in a health facility	Discrimination. Physical abuse, verbal abuse, threats, lack of information, abandonment, choice of position denied, companion not allowed, informal payment, separation from baby, delivered alone	54.7%	Not representative. The perception of healthcare providers were not explored.