Fig. 4.

The total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths at the end of the country's study period, with the prevalence of adverse psychological outcomes among healthcare workers in each country (n = 1146).

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was used, in which DASS-21 cut-off scores of >9, >7 and >14 indicate a positive screen of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Post-traumatic stress disorder was screened using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) score, where a total IES-R cut-off score of 24 is used to classify post-traumatic stress disorder as a clinical concern. India and Singapore did not have any healthcare workers screen positive for stress. PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.