Table 1.

Association of the pro-inflammatory cytokine with the AD

Cytokine	CNS origin	Aβ deposition	Neurons	Tau protein	Reference
IL-1	Astrocytes, Glial cells, Neurons	↑	Death of neurons ↑ Invasion of neutrophils into CNS ↑ Release of toxins from glial and endothelial cells↑	Tau phosphorylation ↑	[199–203]
IL-6	Microglia, Astrocytes	~	Anti-apoptotic	Tau phosphorylation↑	[204–206]
IL-18	Activated microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, neurons	↑	Pro-apoptotic	Phosphorylation of tau↑	[207–209]
IFN-ɣ	T cells, Glia, Neurons	↑	Neural degeneration ↑	phosphorylation of tau↑	[210–213]
TNF-α	Microglia, Astrocytes, Neurons	↑	Pro-apoptotic	Tau phosphorylation↑	[214–216]
IL-12	Glial cells , Activated blood monocytes	Aβ deposition↑	Pro-apoptotic ↑	Tau levels in CSF ↑	[217, 218]

↑: increase

↓: decrease

~: both increase and decrease