Table 2.
Hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes incidence among Israelis of Ethiopian origin and native Israelis
| Native Israelis | Ethiopian Israelis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | Normal BMI | High BMI | Underweight | Normal BMI | High BMI | |
| Men | ||||||
| Number of diabetes incidences | 5 | 52 | 80 | 12 | 65 | 12 |
| Mean follow-up (years; ± SD) | 13.3 ± 4.7 | 12.8 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 4.5 | 13.1 ± 4.6 | 13.0 ± 4.6 | 10.4 ± 3.8 |
| Cumulative follow-up (person-years) | 98,635.6 | 546,719.6 | 129,126.1 | 69,269.4 | 138,542.1 | 10,687.5 |
| Incident rate (per 105 person-years) | 5.1 | 9.5 | 62.0 | 17.3 | 46.9 | 112.3 |
| Mean age at diagnosis (years; ± SD) | 28.7 ± 5.2 | 30.9 ± 4.6 | 30.2 ± 4.2 | 30.6 ± 2.9 | 30.8 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 3.5 |
| HR (unadjusted) | 0.51 | Reference | 7.24 | 1.78 | 4.88 | 17.93 |
| 95% CI | 0.20–1.26 | 5.11–10.27 | 0.95–3.33 | 3.39–7.03 | 9.55–33.66 | |
| p-value | 0.15 | 1.2 × 10–28 | 0.07 | 1.6 × 10–17 | 2.7 × 10–19 | |
| HR (adjusted*) | 0.52 | Reference | 6.93 | 1.18 | 3.41 | 15.83 |
| 95% CI | 0.21–1.31 | 4.86–9.88 | 0.60–2.29 | 2.29–5.06 | 8.29–30.25 | |
| p-value | 0.17 | 1.3 × 10–26 | 0.63 | 1.4 × 10–9 | 6.3 × 10–17 | |
| Men with unimpaired health | ||||||
| Number of new diabetes cases | 3 | 36 | 53 | 9 | 44 | 11 |
| HR (adjusted*) | 0.46 | Reference | 6.91 | 1.26 | 3.04 | 20.15 |
| 95% CI | 0.14–1.50 | 4.49–10.65 | 0.59–2.66 | 1.89–4.87 | 10.01–40.56 | |
| p-value | 0.20 | 1.7 × 10–18 | 0.55 | 4.1 × 10–6 | 3.9 × 10–17 | |
| Second-generation (Israeli-born) Ethiopians | ||||||
| Number of new diabetes incidences | 5 | 52 | 80 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
| HR (adjusted*) | 0.52 | Reference | 6.96 | 2.25 | 4.42 | 29.10 |
| 95% CI | 0.21–1.31 | 4.88–9.93 | 0.54–9.43 | 1.71–11.42 | 11.99–70.61 | |
| p-value | 0.17 | 1.1 × 10–26 | 0.27 | 2.1 × 10–3 | 9.2 × 10–14 | |
| Women | ||||||
| Number of diabetes incidences | 0 | 16 | 34 | 4 | 19 | 6 |
| Mean follow-up (years; ± SD) | 12.4 ± 4.2 | 12.2 ± 4.3 | 11.8 ± 4.2 | 12.2 ± 4.1 | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 11.0 ± 3.9 |
| Cumulative follow-up (person-years) | 58,210.7 | 282,466.6 | 60,968.6 | 38,017.4 | 80,045.6 | 11,104.7 |
| Incident rate (per 105 person-years) | – | 5.7 | 55.8 | 10.5 | 23.7 | 54.0 |
| Mean age at diagnosis (years; ± SD) | – | 26.1 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 4.4 | 29.8 ± 4.0 | 26.1 ± 4.7 |
| HR (unadjusted) | – | Reference | 10.15 | 1.87 | 4.17 | 10.79 |
| 95% CI | – | 5.60–18.39 | 0.62–5.59 | 2.15–8.12 | 4.22–27.60 | |
| p-value | – | 2.1 × 10–14 | 0.26 | 2.6 × 1–5 | 6.9 × 10–7 | |
| HR (adjusted*) | – | Reference | 9.66 | 1.13 | 2.40 | 7.04 |
| 95% CI | – | 5.32–17.54 | 0.36–3.56 | 1.13–5.09 | 2.61–18.94 | |
| p-value | – | 8.9 × 10–14 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 1.1 × 10–4 | |
The table shows follow-up data, incident case data, and hazard ratios (HRs) in unadjusted and multivariable models (adjusted for birth year, age at study entry, education level, and cognitive score) in men and women. In men, two additional sub-analyses were done: HRs for individuals with unimpaired health and HRs for those Israeli-born (second-generation of immigrants)
CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, HR hazard ratio