Figure 5.

(a) Autophagy was detected in Eca-190 cells after exposure to complex 2 (0, 20, and 40 μM) for 24 h using MDC staining assay. (b) Relative quantitative data analysis of MDC fluorescence intensity for different treatment groups. (c) Apoptosis of Eca-109 cells was detected by flow cytometry after treated with complex 2 (0, 20, and 40 μM) for 24 h with or without pretreatment of 3-MA. (d) Quantitative data analysis for the number of cells (% of total) in apoptosis for different treatment groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD (n = 3), Student's t-test, ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01.