Table 1.
Characteristics and quality assessment of the included studies.
| First author, published year | Sample study period | Study design | Follow-up period | Age (yrs) | AMD patients/participants | PD ascertainment | AMD ascertainment | AMD/age status | Risk estimates (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klein, 2008 | MESA; USA 2002-2004 |
Cross-sectional | 2 | 45-85 | 265/5887 | Detailed questionnaire | Ocular fundus photographs | Early Late All# |
OR = 1.32 (0.98-1.79) 1.49 (0.63-3.50) 1.34 (1.01-1.78) |
| Karesvuo, 2013 | NPHS; Finland 2000-2001 |
Cross-sectional | 1 | ≥30 | 54/1751 | Alveolar bone loss | Clinical diagnosis | — | OR = 1.90 (0.90-4.30) |
| Wagley, 2015 | US NHAHES III; US 1988-1994 |
Cross-sectional | 6 | ≥40 | 940/8208 | >10% of sites with >3 mm of CAL | Ocular fundus photographs | Age ≤ 60 Age > 60 All& |
OR = 1.96 (1.22-3.14) 1.32 (0.93-1.90) 1.36 (0.98-1.90) |
| Shin, 2017 | KNHANES; Korea 2008-2010 and 2012 |
Cross-sectional | 2 | ≥40 | 732/13072 | CP index scores 3 and 4 | Ocular fundus photographs | Age ≤ 62 Age > 62 All& |
OR = 1.21 (0.90-1.63) 0.91 (0.74-1.12) 1.03 (0.86-1.22) |
| Sun, 2019 | TNHIRD; China 2000-2012 |
Retrospective cohort | 13 | ≥50 | 3014/83322 | ICD-9-CM | ICD-9-CM | Age ≤ 64 Age ≥ 65 All& |
HR = 1.48 (1.34-1.64) 1.76 (1.57-1.97) 1.58 (1.46-1.70) |
MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NPHS: National Population Health Survey 2000; NHAHES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; KNHANES: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; TNHIRD: Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database; ICD: International Classification of Diseases. #All data was calculated by pooling early AMD P and late AMD P using a fixed-effects model for the final analysis; &all data was calculated by pooling different age status P using a fixed-effects model for the final analysis.