Table 3.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: cross-sectional studies.

Study ID	Source of informationa	Exclusion criteriab	Time periodc	Continuous or notd	Subjective factorse	Quality assessmentf	Explain exclusiong	Controlling confounding factorsh	Handling missing datai	Completeness of data collectionj	Follow-up datak	Score
Klein 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	6
Karesvuo 2013	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	8
Wagley 2015	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	8
Shin 2017	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	8

a: define the source of information (survey, record review); b: list inclusion criteria for exposed and unexposed subjects (cases and controls) or refer to previous publications; c: indicate time period used for identifying patients; d: indicate whether or not subjects were consecutive if not population-based; e: indicate if evaluators of subjective components of the study were masked to other aspects of the status of the participants; f: describe any assessments undertaken for quality assurance purposes (e.g., test/retest of primary outcome measurements); g: explain any patient exclusions from analysis; h: describe how confounding factors were assessed and/or controlled; i: if applicable, explain how missing data were handled in the analysis; j: summarize patient response rates and completeness of data collection; k: clarify what follow-up was expected and the percentage of patients for which incomplete data or follow-up was obtained.