Table 4.

Benefits/risks assessment in adult patients without any other conditions suffering early/mild flu symptoms in the context of COVID-19.

Treatment		Evidence Levels in Respiratory conditions1							Overall Benefit	Adverse Effects2	Overall Safety	Benefits/Risks
Plant Species/Drug	Pharmacopoeial name	Cold	Flu	Bronchitis	Asthma	Cough	Pain	Fever
Allium sativum/bulbs, powder	Allii sativi bulbus (EMA)	Ib							High	B-II	Mediuma	Promising
Althaea officinalis/roots, leaves	Althaeae radix					Ib			High	A-IV	High	Positive
Andrographis paniculata/leaves	Andrographidis paniculatae folium	Ib				Ib	Ib		High	D-III	Medium	Promising
Commiphora molmol/gum	Myrrha gummi-resina						1b		High	A-Ic	High	Positive
Cymbopogon citratus/leaves	Cymbopogonis folium	IV	IV						Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Echinacea angustifolia/roots	Echinaceae angustifoliae radix	Ib	Ib						High	D-IV	Medium	Promising
Echinacea pallida/roots	Echinaceae pallidae radix	IV	IV						Low	D-IV	Medium	Unknown
Echinacea purpurea/herb	Echinaceae purpureae herba	Ib	Ib						High	D-IV	Medium	Promising
Eucalyptus globulus/essential oil	Eucalypti aetheroleum			III		III			Medium	A-IV	High	Promising
Eucalyptus globulus/leaves	Eucalypti folium			IV		IV			Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Foeniculum vulgare/fruits	Foeniculi amari/dulcis fructus	IV				IV		IV	Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Glycyrrhiza glabra/roots	Liquiritiae radix				Ib				High	A-II	High	Positive
Hedera helix/leaves	Hederae helicis folium			Ib	Ib	Ib			High	A-Ic	High	Positive
Justicia pectoralis/leaves	Justicia pectoralis folium					Ib			High	B-IV	Medium	Promising
Magnolia officinalis/bark	Magnoliae cortex				III				Medium	C-III	Medium	Promising
Malva sylvestris/leaves	Malvae sylvestris folium					IV			Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Mikania glomerata/leaves	Mikania glomerata folium				Ib	IV			High	C-IV	Medium	Promising
Ocimum gratissimum/leaves	Ocimi Sancti folium	IV	IV	IV	IV			IV	Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Pelargonium sidoides/roots	Pelargonii radix	Ia		Ib		Ib			High	D-IV	Medium	Promising
Pimpinella anisum/fruits essential oil	Anisi aetheroleum/fructus				Ib	IV		IV	High	C-IV	Medium	Promising
Plantago lanceolata/leaves	Plantaginis lanceolatae folium			IV		IV		IV	Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Platycodon chinensis/roots	Platicodi radix					IV			Low	A-III	High	Unknown
Polygala senega/roots	Polygalae radix			IV		IV			Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Polypodium vulgare/rhizome	Polypodii rhizoma					IV			Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Potentilla erecta/rhizome	Tormentillae rhizoma					IV			Low	A-III	Medium	Unknown
Primula veris/roots	Primulae radix					IV			Low	B-III	High	Unknown
Salix sp./bark	Salicis cortex	IV	IV				Ib	IV	High	C-IV	Medium	Promising
Sambucus nigra/fruits	Sambuci fructus	Ia	Ia						High	A-Ic	High	Positive
Scutellaria baicalensis/roots	Radix Scutellariae			IV				IV	Low	C-III	Medium	Unknown
Silybum marianum/fruits	Silybi mariani fructus							IV	Low	A-Icb	High	Unknown
Thymus vulgaris/herb essential oil	Thymi herba/aetheroleum					IV			Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Tilia cordata/flowers	Tiliae flos	IV							Low	A-IV	High	Unknown
Zingiber officinale/rhizome	Zingiberis rhizoma	IV	IIa*		IV	IV			Medium	B-II	Medium	Promising
Ibuprofen	–	Ia	IV				Ia		Medium	B-II	Medium	Promising
Codeine	–					IV			Low	E-Ib	Low	Negative
Paracetamol	–	IV	IV						Low	E-Ib	Low	Negative

(1) Grading as per Table 1;(2) Codes and Grading as per Table 2;(3) As per Table 3; (a) Products with less than 0.6% allicin content are safe (Scharbert et al., 2007); (b) Chronic administration of products with 7%–8% silymarin content are safe up to 40 months (Corchete, 2008); (*) Clinical experiment in SARS patients (Vahdat Shariatpanahi et al., 2013).