Elimination of microglia did not affect neuronal damage after TBI but attenuated astrogliosis. Adult C57BL/6 mice were provided diets formulated with either vehicle or PLX5622 for 14 days. Next, mice were uninjured (control) or were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury (TBI). At 7 dpi (21d of Veh or PLX diet), brains were perfused, fixed, sectioned, and labeled for 1ba1, ATF3, NeuN, or GFAP. (a) Representative merged images of Iba1 (red) and ATF3 (cyan) labeling (20×) in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi. Inset indicates region used for analysis. (b) Number of ATF3+ cells per 20× field in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi (n = 4). Arrow indicates an ATF3+ cell. (c) Representative images of NeuN labeling (20×) in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi. (d) Number of NeuN+ cells per 20× field in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi (n = 4). (e) Representative images of GFAP labeling (20×) in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi. (f ) Percent-area of GFAP labeling in the somatosensory cortex 7 dpi (n = 4). Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Means with (*) are significantly different from Veh-CON (p < .05) and means with (‡) tend to be different than Veh-CON (p = .06)