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. 2020 Oct 7;8(2):e000973. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000973

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Schematic illustration of the combined treatment of IL-2 and AKK in tumor suppression. AKK restores the therapeutic efficacy of IL-2 to trigger a stronger antitumor immune response, which is initiated from the activation of TLR2 signaling pathway via its outer membrane protein Amuc. Moreover, AKK improves the integrity of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota homeostasis in IL-2-treated mice, probably due to the crosstalk between AKK and gut commensal microbiota. AKK, Akkermansia muciniphila; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; IL-2, interleukin 2; TLR, toll-like receptor.