Table 4.
Applications of functional 3D models in treating cardiovascular diseases
| Application | Materials | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Heart valve condition | ||
| Aortic valve stenosis [71] | TangoPlus, Verowhite | In vitro assessment of stenosis severity |
| Mitral valve stenosis [82] | Mold star 15, Ecoflex 00–30 | In vitro assessment of stenosis severity |
| Mitral valve regurgitation [74] | Mold star 15, Ecoflex 00–30 | Surgical simulation: mitral valve repair, mitral-clip |
| Artificial valve [84, 85] | Silicone | Device development: exploring relationships between artificial valve thickness and valve function |
| Coronary heart disease | ||
| Coronary heart disease [87, 89] | Wax, VeroClear | Surgical planning: optimal stent placement; parameter evaluation criteria: FFR |
| Vascular disease | ||
| Intracranial aneurysm [90] | Semi-translucent PLA | Surgical simulation: diverter implantation |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm [92] | Polyjet Material Rubber FLX930 | Surgical simulation: transcatheter intervention repair |