Figure 2.

The effect of co-occurring attackers on mildew and aphid performance. (a) The mean mildew coverage when mildew is alone on a plant (2), when mildew is co-occurring with aphids (5), and when aphids arrive earlier than mildew (9). (b) The mean mildew coverage when mildew is alone on a plant (2), when mildew co-occurs with a caterpillar (6), and when the caterpillar arrives earlier than mildew (11). (c) The mean aphid population size when aphids are alone on a plant (3), when aphids co-occur with mildew (5), and when mildew arrives earlier than aphids (8). (d) The mean aphid population size when aphids are alone on a plant (3), when aphids co-occur with a caterpillar (7), and when the caterpillar arrives earlier than aphids (13). Each treatment had 20 replicates, and error bars present the standard errors. Significant differences between treatments in each week are indicated by letters above the bars. For statistical models and estimates, see electronic supplementary material, tables S3, S7, and S8. (Online version in colour.)