Fig. 2.

Effects of ACE on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with 12.5, 25, or 50 μg/mL of ACE for 1 h prior to the addition of LPS (1 μg/mL). The cells were further incubated for 24 h, and cytokine production was measured with EIA kits. After 6 h of incubation with LPS, mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined with quantitative real-time PCR. The data shown represent mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. ^###p < 0.001 when compared with control; ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001 when compared with LPS-stimulated group. Significant differences between treated groups were determined by ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test