Table 1.

Biologic mechanisms of xanthohumol on transcription factors and pertinent clinical conditions

Transcription factor	Xanthohumol mechanisms	Pertinent clinical conditions
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)	FXR agonist in vitro and in vivo	• Type 2 diabetes mellitus • Metabolic syndrome • Dyslipidemia • Obesity • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease • Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis • Cholelithiasis • Inflammatory bowel disease • Cancer
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB)	Inhibits activation of NFkB in vitro and in vivo	• Inflammatory bowel disease • Rheumatic disease • Asthma • Autoimmunity • Cancer
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)	Increases expression of and activation of NRF2 in vitro	• Autoimmunity • Alzheimer’s disease • Inflammatory bowel disease • Cancer