Figure 1.

Model-implied results of a linear-mixed effects model examining differences in cortisol-DHEA coupling by average adrenal pubertal stage and by group (non-adopted, left; previously-institutionalized, right). The intra-individual covariation (coupling) of cortisol and DHEA is represented by the association between individual-mean-centered log₁₀cortisol values (shown on the x-axis) and log₁₀DHEA values (on the y-axis). For non-adopted children, cortisol and DHEA were positively coupled regardless of average adrenal pubertal stage. For PI children, cortisol and DHEA were not coupled among children who were, on average, at earlier stages, and were positively coupled only among children at later adrenal pubertal stages. Envelopes represent standard errors.