Table 1.
Participant characteristics by group (overall N = 294).
| PI (n = 125) | NA (n = 169) | Test of difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Session 1 child age in years (M(SD)) | 11.4 | 11.2 | t(292) = .89, p = .38 |
| Child sex: female, n (%) | 85 (68) | 89 (53) | χ2(1) = 6.99, p = .008 |
| Child racea, n (%) | |||
| African American | 5 (4) | 8 (2) | |
| Asian | 51 (42) | 1 (1) | White vs. non-White: |
| Caucasian | 50 (41) | 151 (90) | χ2(1) = 79.44, p < .001 |
| Latin American | 12 (10) | 0 (0) | |
| Mixed race or other | 4 (3) | 13 (8) | |
| Child region of origin, n (%) | |||
| Russia/Eastern Europe | 76 (61) | – | |
| China/Southeast Asia | 31 (25) | – | – |
| Latin America | 13 (10) | – | |
| Africa/Haiti | 5 (4) | – | |
| Session 1 primary caregiver education, n (%) Bachelor’s degree or higher |
101 (84) | 135 (83) | χ2(1) = 0.09, p = .76 |
| Session 1 annual household income, n (%) $100,000 or higher |
76 (62) | 99 (59) | χ2(1) = 0.34, p = .56 |
| Mean medication usage across sessions, M (SD) | 0.79 (1.28) | 0.41 (0.88) | t(208) = 2.87, p = .005 |
| Mean TSST-M subjective stress across sessions, M (SD) | 3.38 (0.85) | 3.42 (0.73) | t(292) = −0.47, p = .64 |
| Mean Youth Life Stress Interview across sessions, M (SD) | 2.45 (0.50) | 2.20 (0.42) | t(292) = 4.79, p < .001 |
| Mean adrenal pubertal stage across sessions, M (SD) | 2.93 (1.45) | 2.73 (1.47) | t(292) = 1.15, p = .25 |
| Mean raw salivary cortisol across sessions, M (SD) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | t(292) = 1.40, p = .16 |
| Mean log10 salivary cortisol across sessions, M (SD) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | t(292) = −1.44, p = .15 |
| Mean raw salivary DHEA across sessions, M (SD) | 188.81 (191.58) | 173.02 (162.12) | t(292) = −0.76, p = .45 |
| Mean log10 salivary DHEA across sessions, M (SD) | 2.07 (0.42) | 2.01 (0.44) | t(292) = 1.06, p = .29 |
Note. PI = previously-institutionalized. NA = non-adopted.
a
Child race was missing for 3 PI children and 1 NA child.