Table 1.
Cardiovascular changes, comorbidities and mortality in thyroid dysfunction.
| Overt hypothyroidism | Subclinical hypothyroidism | Subclinical hyperthyroidism | Overt hyperthyroidism | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic dysfunction | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↓/↑ | ↓/↑ |
| Diastolic dysfunction | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↓/↑ | ↓/↑ |
| Heart rate | ↓↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
| Hypertension | ↑ (diastolic) | ↑ (diastolic) | ↑ (systolic) | ↑ (systolic) |
| Dyslipidemia | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
| Heart failure | ↑↑ | ↑ | –/↑ | ↑↑ |
| Coronary artery disease | ↑↑ | ↑ | –/↑ | –/↑ |
| Atrial fibrillation | –/↓ | –/↓ | ↑ | ↑↑ |
| Atherosclerosis | ↑↑ | ↑ | –/↑ | –/↑ |
| Pulmonary hypertension | – | – | – | ↑ |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ↑ | –/↑ | –/↑ | ↑ |
| All-cause mortality | ↑ | –/↑ | –/↑ | ↑ |
↑↑: markedly increased; ↑: increased; –/↑: possibly increased; –: no effect; –/↓: possibly decreased; ↓/↑: possibly decreased or increased; ↓: decreased; ↓↓: markedly decreased. See text for details.