Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariable Analysis With Cox Proportional Hazard Model on Factors Associated with Primary Endpoint (A Composite Endpoint of Intensive Care Unit Admission, Use of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, and Death) Among COVID-19 and SARS Patients After Multiple Imputation
| Parameters | Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | aHR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| COVID-19 (vs SARS) | 0.21 (.16–.28) | <.0001 | 0.32 (.23–.44) | <.0001 |
| Age, y | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | <.0001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .00022 |
| Male | 1.38 (1.15–1.64) | .00047 | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) | .030 |
| Hemoglobin | 0.85 (.81–.88) | <.0001 | … | |
| White blood cell | 1.10 (1.08–1.11) | <.0001 | … | |
| Platelet | 0.997 (.996–.998) | <.0001 | 0.997 (.996–.998) | <.0001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase | 1.002 (1.001–1.003) | <.0001 | … | |
| Albumin | 0.90 (.89–.91) | <.0001 | 0.97 (.95–.99) | .0011 |
| Total bilirubin | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | .00014 | 0.99 (.98–1.00) | .029 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.56 (1.29–1.90) | <.0001 | … | |
| Creatinine | 1.002 (1.001–1.002) | <.0001 | … | |
| C-reactive protein | 1.08 (1.07–1.08) | <.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <.0001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (per 100 U/L) | 1.21 (1.19–1.24) | <.0001 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | <.0001 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) | <.0001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | .0032 |
| Circulatory system disease | 3.55 (2.97–4.24) | <.0001 | … | |
| Digestive system disease | 1.89 (1.49–2.38) | <.0001 | … | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.30 (3.58–5.18) | <.0001 | 2.13 (1.74–2.61) | <.0001 |
| Malignant tumor | 2.83 (2.02–3.97) | <.0001 | … | |
| Nervous system disease | 1.91 (1.41–2.60) | <.0001 | 0.48 (.34–.68) | <.0001 |
| Respiratory disease | 2.33 (1.73–3.13) | <.0001 | … | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.31 (2.33–4.72) | <.0001 | … | |
| Bacterial or viral coinfection | 3.17 (2.51–4.00) | <.0001 | 1.71 (1.34–2.20) | <.0001 |
| Hypoxia during follow-up | 2.52 (2.08–3.06) | <.0001 | … | |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir during follow-up | 0.33 (.25–.44) | <.0001 | … | |
| Ribavirin during follow-up | 0.78 (.64–.95) | .013 | 0.44 (.35–.56) | <.0001 |
| Steroid during follow-up | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | <.0001 | … | |
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HR, hazard ratio; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome.