Table 3.
Standardized parameter estimates for indirect effects for the structural equation model of the integrated model in the Australian and U.S. samples
| Effect | Model excluding past behavior | Model including past behavior | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p | 95% CI | ES | Β | p | 95% CI | ES | |||
| LB | UB | LB | UB | |||||||
| Australian sample | ||||||||||
| Indirect effects | ||||||||||
| Att.→Int.→Beh. | .011 | .359 | −.052 | .074 | .003 | .004 | .444 | −.059 | .067 | .001 |
| SN→Int.→Beh. | .042 | .094 | −.021 | .105 | .016 | .016 | .312 | −.047 | .079 | .006 |
| MN→Int.→Beh. | .068 | .016 | .005 | .131 | .024 | .028 | .192 | −.035 | .091 | .010 |
| AR→Int.→Beh. | .011 | .356 | −.052 | .074 | .003 | .003 | .457 | −.060 | .066 | .001 |
| PBC→Int.→Beh. | .040 | .101 | −.023 | .103 | .011 | .016 | .307 | −.047 | .079 | .005 |
| Int.→AP→Beh. | .040 | .106 | −.023 | .103 | .014 | .011 | .365 | −.052 | .074 | .004 |
| Hab. (T1).→Hab. (T2)→Beh. | .102 | <.001 | .041 | .163 | .016 | .078 | .007 | .017 | .139 | .013 |
| PB→Hab.→Beh. | – | – | – | – | – | .021 | .214 | −.030 | .072 | .011 |
| PB→Beh.a | – | – | – | – | – | .081 | .034 | −.007 | .169 | .042 |
| Total effectsb | ||||||||||
| Int.→Beh. | .220 | <.001 | .134 | .306 | .081 | .090 | .022 | .004 | .176 | .033 |
| PBC→Beh. | .126 | <.001 | .040 | .212 | .036 | .055 | .110 | −.033 | .143 | .016 |
| Hab. (T1)→Beh. | .096 | .016 | .010 | .182 | .015 | .076 | .044 | −.012 | .164 | .012 |
| PB→Beh. | – | – | – | – | – | .494 | <.001 | .412 | .576 | .258 |
| U.S. sample | ||||||||||
| Indirect effects | ||||||||||
| Att.→Int.→Beh. | <.001 | .495 | −.052 | .054 | <.001 | .004 | .443 | −.049 | .057 | .001 |
| SN→Int.→Beh. | .072 | .003 | .019 | .125 | .029 | .023 | .190 | −.030 | .076 | .009 |
| MN→Int.→Beh. | .102 | <.001 | .051 | .153 | .044 | .040 | .067 | −.013 | .093 | .017 |
| AR→Int.→Beh. | .023 | .192 | −.030 | .076 | .011 | .001 | .478 | −.052 | .054 | .001 |
| PBC→Int.→Beh. | .088 | <.001 | .037 | .139 | .025 | .038 | .079 | −.015 | .091 | .011 |
| Int.→AP→Beh. | .061 | .011 | .008 | .114 | .029 | .004 | .441 | −.049 | .057 | .002 |
| Hab. (T1).→Hab. (T2)→Beh. | .212 | <.001 | .161 | .263 | .075 | .166 | <.001 | .115 | .217 | .059 |
| PB→Hab.→Beh. | – | – | – | – | – | .068 | <.001 | .025 | .111 | .043 |
| PB→Beh.a | – | – | – | – | – | .178 | <.001 | .105 | .251 | .112 |
| Total effectsb | ||||||||||
| Int.→Beh. | .377 | <.001 | .306 | .448 | .177 | .142 | <.001 | .069 | .215 | .066 |
| PBC→Beh. | .146 | <.001 | .073 | .219 | .042 | .074 | .024 | .001 | .147 | .021 |
| Hab. (T1)→Beh. | .242 | <.001 | .169 | .315 | .086 | .171 | <.001 | .098 | .244 | .061 |
| PB→Beh. | – | – | −.052 | .074 | – | .673 | <.001 | .604 | .742 | .423 |
aSum of indirect effects of past behavior on behavior through all model constructs.
bTotal effect comprising sums of all indirect effects through model constructs plus the direct effect.
β standardized parameter estimate; 95% CI 95% confidence interval of standardized parameter estimate; AP action planning; AR anticipated regret; Att. attitude; Beh. behavior; ES effect size of the standardized parameter estimate; Hab. (T1) self-reported habit measured at baseline (T1); Hab. (T2) self-reported habit measured at follow-up (T2); Int. intention; LB lower bound of 95% CI; MN moral norm; PB past behavior; PBC perceived behavioral control; SN subjective norm; UB upper bound of 95% CI.