Table 2.
Condition at Admission and Comorbidities
| Severity at Admission | Respiratory Support During Hospitalization | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | n | Subcategories | Total | Nonsevere | Severe | No Oxygen | Oxygen | IMV/ECMO |
| Condition at admissiona | ||||||||
| Days from symptom onset to hospitalization, median [IQR] | 2324 | … | 7 [4, 10] | 6 [4, 10] | 7 [4, 10] | 7 [4, 10] | 6 [3, 9] | 7 [4.3, 9] |
| Body temperature, median [IQR], °C | 2635 | … | 37 [36.6, 37.7] | 36.9 [36.5, 37.5] | 37.5 [36.8, 38.3] | 36.8 [36.5, 37.4] | 37.5 [36.8, 38.3] | 37.7 [36.9, 38.4] |
| Heart rate, median [IQR], beats/minute | 2587 | … | 85 [76, 97] | 84 [75, 95] | 88 [78, 100] | 83.5 [75, 94.8] | 88 [78, 100] | 90 [80, 103.8] |
| Respiration rate, median [IQR], breaths/minute | 1683 | … | 18 [16, 22] | 17 [16, 18] | 23 [18, 26] | 18 [16, 20] | 20 [17, 24] | 22 [18, 28] |
| Systolic blood pressure, median [IQR], mm Hg | 2557 | … | 124 [112, 139] | 124 [112, 137] | 126 [112, 142] | 123 [112, 135] | 128 [113, 142] | 129 [114, 148] |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median [IQR], mm Hg | 2531 | … | 78 [69, 88] | 78 [69, 88] | 76 [67, 86] | 78 [70, 88] | 77 [67, 87] | 76 [67, 88.5] |
| AVPU scale | 1912 | A (alert) | 1793 (93.8) | 1235 (97.4)b | 558 (86.6) | 1150 (97.6) | 497 (89.2) | 146 (82.5) |
| V (verbal) | 88 (4.6) | 27 (2.1) | 61 (9.5) | 22 (1.9) | 47 (8.4) | 19 (10.7) | ||
| P (pain) | 19 (1) | 4 (0.3) | 15 (2.3) | 5 (0.4) | 9 (1.6) | 5 (2.8) | ||
| U (unresponsive) | 12 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 10 (1.6) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.7) | 7 (4) | ||
| SpO2 under room air, median [IQR], | 2185 | 97 [96, 98] | 97 [96, 98] | 94 [92, 95] | 97 [96, 98] | 95 [94, 97] | 94 [91, 96] | |
| Oxygen support | 2595 | None (room air) | 2185 (84.2) | 1755 (100) | 430 (51.2) | 1587 (100) | 520 (66.5) | 76 (33.9) |
| Noninvasive oxygen therapy | 349 (13.4) | 0 | 349 (41.5) | 0 | 261 (33.4) | 88 (39.3) | ||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 61 (2.4) | 0 | 61 (7.3) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 60 (26.8) | ||
| Route of noninvasive O2 administration | 349 | Nasal cannula | 225 (64.5) | 0 | 225 (64.5) | 0 | 192 (73.6) | 33 (37.5) |
| Face mask | 67 (19.2) | 0 | 67 (19.2) | 0 | 38 (14.6) | 29 (33) | ||
| Reservoir mask | 52 (14.9) | 0 | 52 (14.9) | 0 | 27 (10.3) | 25 (28.4) | ||
| High-flow oxygen device | 5 (1.4) | 0 | 5 (1.4) | 0 | 4 (1.5) | 1 (1.1) | ||
| X-ray imaging findingc | 2020 | No abnormality | 683 (33.8) | 607 (46.6) | 76 (10.6) | 595 (50.2) | 82 (13) | 6 (2.9) |
| Pneumonia | 1302 (64.5) | 679 (52.1) | 623 (86.9) | 579 (48.9) | 538 (85.5) | 185 (89.8) | ||
| Abnormality (excl. pneumonia) | 35 (1.7) | 17 (1.3) | 18 (2.5) | 11 (0.9) | 9 (1.4) | 15 (7.3) | ||
| Finding by CTc | 1864 | No abnormality | 209 (11.2) | 190 (15.7) | 19 (2.9) | 192 (17.9) | 15 (2.5) | 2 (1) |
| Pneumonia | 1615 (86.6) | 1000 (82.6) | 615 (94) | 861 (80.3) | 575 (96.3) | 178 (91.8) | ||
| Abnormality (excluding pneumonia) | 40 (2.1) | 20 (1.7) | 20 (3.1) | 19 (1.8) | 7 (1.2) | 14 (7.2) | ||
| Comorbiditiesd | 2638 | n = 2638 | n = 1798 | n = 840 | n = 1623 | n = 788 | n = 225 | |
| Any comorbidity | 1235 (46.8) | 683 (38) | 552 (65.7) | 539 (33.2) | 527 (66.9) | 169 (75.1) | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 39 (1.5) | 19 (1.1) | 20 (2.4) | 15 (0.9) | 21 (2.7) | 3 (1.3) | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 96 (3.6) | 40 (2.2) | 56 (6.7) | 24 (1.5) | 64 (8.1) | 8 (3.6) | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 47 (1.8) | 21 (1.2) | 26 (3.1) | 18 (1.1) | 17 (2.2) | 12 (5.3) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 145 (5.5) | 72 (4) | 73 (8.7) | 51 (3.1) | 78 (9.9) | 16 (7.1) | ||
| Paralysis | 30 (1.1) | 13 (0.7) | 17 (2) | 11 (0.7) | 17 (2.2) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Dementia | 155 (5.9) | 85 (4.7) | 70 (8.3) | 68 (4.2) | 81 (10.3) | 6 (2.7) | ||
| COPD | 44 (1.7) | 11 (0.6) | 33 (3.9) | 9 (0.6) | 24 (3) | 11 (4.9) | ||
| Chronic lung disease (excluding COPD) | 66 (2.5) | 18 (1) | 48 (5.7) | 14 (0.9) | 40 (5.1) | 12 (5.3) | ||
| Bronchial asthma | 116 (4.4) | 74 (4.1) | 42 (5) | 64 (3.9) | 39 (4.9) | 13 (5.8) | ||
| Mild liver disease | 69 (2.6) | 40 (2.2) | 29 (3.5) | 29 (1.8) | 25 (3.2) | 15 (6.7) | ||
| Moderate to severe liver dysfunction | 6 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | 0 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 22 (0.8) | 8 (0.4) | 14 (1.7) | 5 (0.3) | 14 (1.8) | 3 (1.3) | ||
| Hypertension | 396 (15) | 192 (10.7) | 204 (24.3) | 153 (9.4) | 180 (22.8) | 63 (28) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 216 (8.2) | 121 (6.7) | 95 (11.3) | 98 (6) | 82 (10.4) | 36 (16) | ||
| Diabetes without complications | 374 (14.2) | 185 (10.3) | 189 (22.5) | 142 (8.7) | 158 (20.1) | 74 (32.9) | ||
| Diabetes with complications | 67 (2.5) | 33 (1.8) | 34 (4) | 23 (1.4) | 36 (4.6) | 8 (3.6) | ||
| Obesity | 146 (5.5) | 85 (4.7) | 61 (7.3) | 58 (3.6) | 66 (8.4) | 22 (9.8) | ||
| Moderate to severe renal dysfunction | 37 (1.4) | 21 (1.2) | 16 (1.9) | 11 (0.7) | 20 (2.5) | 6 (2.7) | ||
| Hemodialysis before admission | 16 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | 10 (1.3) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Solid tumor | 103 (3.9) | 52 (2.9) | 51 (6.1) | 39 (2.4) | 48 (6.1) | 16 (7.1) | ||
| Leukemia | 17 (0.6) | 14 (0.8) | 3 (0.4) | 9 (0.6) | 7 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Lymphoma | 28 (1.1) | 21 (1.2) | 7 (0.8) | 9 (0.6) | 17 (2.2) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Metastatic solid tumor | 33 (1.3) | 20 (1.1) | 13 (1.5) | 19 (1.2) | 11 (1.4) | 3 (1.3) | ||
| Collagen disease | 29 (1.1) | 13 (0.7) | 16 (1.9) | 12 (0.7) | 10 (1.3) | 7 (3.1) | ||
| HIV | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | ||
| Immunosuppressione | 2593 | Yes | 95 (3.7) | 61 (3.4) | 34 (4.2) | 38 (2.4) | 43 (5.6) | 14 (6.5) |
| No | 2498 (96.3) | 1717 (96.6) | 781 (95.8) | 1569 (97.6) | 726 (94.4) | 201 (93.5) | ||
| Immunosuppression detailsf | 95 | Neutropenia | 8 (8.4) | 6 (9.8) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (5.3) | 6 (14) | 0 |
| Use of steroid in the past 1 month | 15 (15.8) | 7 (11.5) | 8 (23.5) | 3 (7.9) | 9 (20.9) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| Chemotherapy in the past 3 months | 66 (69.5) | 42 (68.9) | 24 (70.6) | 25 (65.8) | 35 (81.4) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Radiotherapy in the past 3 months | 4 (4.2) | 4 (6.6) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | 2 (4.7) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Solid-organ transplantation | 2 (2.1) | 2 (3.3) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Immunosuppressant use in the past 3 months | 36 (37.9) | 27 (44.3) | 9 (26.5) | 18 (47.4) | 12 (27.9) | 6 (42.9) |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CT, computed tomography; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IMV/ECMO, invasive mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IQR, interquartile range; SpO2, oxygen saturation.
aFirst available data at presentation/admission within 24 hours.
bAs the number of missing values differed for each parameter, the number of cases in each parameter’s severity/respiratory support category was used as the denominator for calculating the percentage.
cChest X-ray and chest CT were performed on admission in 2040/2634 (77.4%) (nonsevere: 1318/1794 [73.5%]; severe: 722/840 [86%]); and 1868/2630 (71%) (nonsevere: 1212/1791 [67.7%]; severe: 656/839 [78.2%]) cases, respectively.
dComorbidities that existed prior to the hospitalization for COVID-19 and are present; new onset diseases associated with COVID-19 are not included. Definitions were based on Charlson’s score unless otherwise specified [15]. Chronic lung disease (excluding COPD) was defined as patients with pulmonary diseases who are dyspneic with slight activity. Bronchial asthma and obesity were based on physicians’ diagnosis. No case was on peritoneal dialysis. Only 1 case and 2 cases had congenital heart disease and congenital malformation, respectively.
eImmunosuppression includes neutropenia (<500 neutrophils/μL), glucocorticoid/steroid use within 1 month (doses greater or equal to an equivalent of 20 mg of prednisone per day for at least 1 month), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunosuppressant use (such as anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy, anti–interleukin-6 receptor/anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, selective T-cell co-stimulation blocker, methotrexate, tacrolimus) in the past 3 months, post-transplantation, asplenia, primary immunodeficiency syndrome.
fMultiple immunosuppressions exist in some cases. No case had previous blood transplant, asplenia, or primary immunodeficiency syndrome.