Table 3.
Supportive Care and Outcome
| Severity at Admission | Respiratory Support During Hospitalization | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Number of Cases | Subcategories | Total | Nonsevere | Severe | No Oxygen | Oxygen | IMV/ECMO |
| Supportive care during admissiona | ||||||||
| Admission to ICUb | 2638 | Yes | 282 (10.7) | 61 (3.4)c | 221 (26.3) | 19 (1.2) | 81 (10.3) | 182 (80.9) |
| No | 2356 (89.3) | 1737 (96.6) | 619 (73.7) | 1604 (98.8) | 707 (89.7) | 43 (19.1) | ||
| Length of ICU stay, median [IQR], days | 280 | … | 10 [5, 17] | 7 [4, 13.3] | 10.5 [5, 19] | 8 [3.5, 9.8] | 4 [2, 9] | 13 [8, 22] |
| High-flow oxygen device use | 2634 | Yes | 85 (3.2) | 19 (1.1) | 66 (7.9) | 0 | 54 (6.9) | 32 (14.3) |
| No | 2549 (96.8) | 1776 (98.9) | 773 (92.1) | 1622 (100) | 734 (93.1) | 191 (85.7) | ||
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilationd | 2634 | Yes | 38 (1.4) | 12 (0.7) | 26 (3.1) | 0 | 18 (2.3) | 20 (8.9) |
| No | 2596 (98.6) | 1783 (99.3) | 813 (96.9) | 1622 (100) | 769 (97.7) | 204 (91.1) | ||
| IMV | 2633 | Yes | 222 (8.4) | 31 (1.7) | 191 (22.8) | 0 | 0 | 224 (99.6) |
| No | 2411 (91.6) | 1764 (98.3) | 647 (77.2) | 1621 (100) | 785 (100) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Days from admission to IMV, median [IQR] | 206 | … | 1 [0, 3] | 4 [4, 7] | 1 [0, 3] | NA | NA | 1 [0, 3] |
| Duration of IMV, median [IQR], days | 197 | … | 11 [7, 18] | 8 [4, 14] | 11 [7, 18] | NA | NA | 11 [7, 18] |
| Prone positioning | 221 | Yes | 52 (23.5) | 7 (22.6) | 45 (23.7) | 0 | 0 | 52 (23.5) |
| No | 169 (76.5) | 24 (77.4) | 145 (76.3) | 0 | 0 | 169 (76.5) | ||
| Nitric oxide inhalation | 221 | Yes | 4 (1.8) | 0 | 4 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 4 (1.8) |
| No | 217 (98.2) | 31 (100) | 186 (97.9) | 0 | 0 | 217 (98.2) | ||
| Tracheotomy | 222 | Yes | 32 (14.4) | 3 (9.7) | 29 (15.2) | 0 | 0 | 32 (14.4) |
| No | 190 (85.6) | 28 (90.3) | 162 (84.8) | 0 | 0 | 190 (85.6) | ||
| Neuromuscular blocking agent | 168 | Yes | 71 (42.3) | 11 (52.4) | 60 (40.8) | 0 | 0 | 71 (42.3) |
| No | 97 (57.7) | 10 (47.6) | 87 (59.2) | 0 | 0 | 97 (57.7) | ||
| ECMO | 2635 | Yes | 31 (1.2) | 2 (0.1) | 29 (3.5) | 0 | 0 | 31 (13.8) |
| No | 2604 (98.8) | 1795 (99.9) | 809 (96.5) | 1623 (100) | 786 (100) | 194 (86.2) | ||
| Days from admission to ECMO, median [IQR] | 26 | … | 5 [3, 7.5] | 4.5 [4.3, 4.8] | 5 [2.5, 8] | NA | NA | 5 [3, 7.5] |
| Duration of ECMO, median [IQR], days | 26 | … | 9.5 [8, 14.5] | 6 [4.5, 7.5] | 10.5 [8, 15] | NA | NA | 9.5 [8, 14.5] |
| Vasopressor/inotropic support | 2637 | Yes | 121 (4.6) | 13 (0.7) | 108 (12.9) | 0 | 7 (0.9) | 114 (50.7) |
| No | 2516 (95.4) | 1784 (99.3) | 732 (87.1) | 1623 (100) | 781 (99.1) | 111 (49.3) | ||
| RRT or dialysis | 2628 | Yes | 50 (1.9) | 14 (0.8) | 36 (4.3) | 8 (0.5) | 8 (1) | 34 (15.2) |
| No | 2578 (98.1) | 1776 (99.2) | 802 (95.7) | 1611 (99.5) | 776 (99) | 190 (84.8) | ||
| Type of RRT or dialysis | 50 | Hemodialysis | 22 (44) | 10 (76.9) | 12 (32.4) | 6 (85.7) | 8 (88.9) | 8 (23.5) |
| CRRT | 28 (56) | 3 (23.1) | 25 (67.6) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (11.1) | 26 (76.5) | ||
| Blood transfusion | 2631 | Yes | 126 (4.8) | 29 (1.6) | 97 (11.6) | 7 (0.4) | 25 (3.2) | 94 (42) |
| No | 2505 (95.2) | 1764 (98.4) | 741 (88.4) | 1613 (99.6) | 761 (96.8) | 130 (58) | ||
| Immunoglobulin | 2631 | Yes | 69 (2.6) | 28 (1.6) | 41 (4.9) | 6 (0.4) | 45 (5.7) | 18 (8) |
| No | 2562 (97.4) | 1764 (98.4) | 798 (95.1) | 1613 (99.6) | 741 (94.3) | 207 (92) | ||
| Outcome at discharge | ||||||||
| Outcome | 2634 | Discharge to home | 1762 (66.9) | 1320 (73.5) | 442 (52.7) | 1249 (77.1) | 442 (56.2) | 69 (30.8) |
| Transfer to another hospital | 437 (16.6) | 244 (13.6) | 193 (23) | 184 (11.4) | 180 (22.9) | 73 (32.6) | ||
| Transfer to nonmedical facilitye | 194 (7.4) | 160 (8.9) | 34 (4.1) | 157 (9.7) | 32 (4.1) | 5 (2.2) | ||
| Transfer to long-term care facility | 44 (1.7) | 23 (1.3) | 21 (2.5) | 24 (1.5) | 18 (2.3) | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Death | 197 (7.5) | 49 (2.7) | 148 (17.7) | 7 (0.4) | 115 (14.6) | 75 (33.5) | ||
| Duration of hospitalization, median [IQR], days | 2586 | … | 15 [9, 23] | 14 [9, 22] | 17 [10, 26] | 14 [9, 20] | 19 [11, 27] | 19 [10, 33] |
| Days from symptom onset to death, median [IQR] | 190 | … | 17 [11, 24] | 15 [11, 33] | 18 [12, 24] | 12.5 [5.5, 30] | 14 [9, 22] | 21 [15.8, 30] |
| Finding by X-rayf | 950 | No abnormality | 418 (44) | 301 (52.2) | 117 (31.4) | 287 (60.3) | 112 (30.9) | 19 (17) |
| Pneumonia | 499 (52.5) | 263 (45.6) | 236 (63.3) | 181 (38) | 237 (65.5) | 81 (72.3) | ||
| Abnormality (excluding pneumonia) | 33 (3.5) | 13 (2.3) | 20 (5.4) | 8 (1.7) | 13 (3.6) | 12 (10.7) | ||
| Finding by CTf | 465 | No abnormality | 81 (17.4) | 60 (21.1) | 21 (11.7) | 60 (24.3) | 15 (9.8) | 6 (9.2) |
| Pneumonia | 365 (78.5) | 219 (76.8) | 146 (81.1) | 183 (74.1) | 133 (86.9) | 49 (75.4) | ||
| Abnormality (excluding pneumonia) | 19 (4.1) | 6 (2.1) | 13 (7.2) | 4 (1.6) | 5 (3.3) | 10 (15.4) | ||
| Body temperature,g median [IQR], °C | 2475 | … | 36.7 [36.4, 36.9] | 36.7 [36.4, 36.9] | 36.8 [36.5, 37.1] | 36.6 [36.4, 36.8] | 36.7 [36.5, 37] | 37.1 [36.7, 37.9] |
| Tracheotomyh | 2409 | Yes | 28 (1.2) | 7 (0.4) | 21 (3.1) | 5 (0.3) | 6 (0.9) | 17 (11.6) |
| No | 2381 (98.8) | 1722 (99.6) | 659 (96.9) | 1593 (99.7) | 657 (99.1) | 129 (88.4) | ||
| Self-care abilityh | 2425 | Same as before the onset of COVID-19 | 2045 (84.3) | 1575 (90.6) | 470 (68.4) | 1489 (92.8) | 500 (74.6) | 54 (36.2) |
| Worsened | 237 (9.8) | 83 (4.8) | 154 (22.4) | 34 (2.1) | 119 (17.8) | 84 (56.4) | ||
| Improved | 106 (4.4) | 64 (3.7) | 42 (6.1) | 68 (4.2) | 35 (5.2) | 3 (2) | ||
| Unknown | 37 (1.5) | 16 (0.9) | 21 (3.1) | 13 (0.8) | 16 (2.4) | 8 (5.4) | ||
| Walking abilityh | 1849 | Same as before the onset of COVID-19 | 1542 (83.4) | 1174 (90.7) | 368 (66.4) | 1121 (93.3) | 379 (72.6) | 42 (33.6) |
| Worsened | 204 (11) | 59 (4.6) | 145 (26.2) | 27 (2.2) | 105 (20.1) | 72 (57.6) | ||
| Improved | 58 (3.1) | 36 (2.8) | 22 (4) | 35 (2.9) | 20 (3.8) | 3 (2.4) | ||
| Unknown | 45 (2.4) | 26 (2) | 19 (3.4) | 19 (1.6) | 18 (3.4) | 8 (6.4) | ||
| Oxygen therapy requiredh | 2430 | Yes | 182 (7.5) | 54 (3.1) | 128 (18.6) | 2 (0.1) | 115 (17.2) | 65 (43.6) |
| No | 2248 (92.5) | 1689 (96.9) | 559 (81.4) | 1608 (99.9) | 554 (82.8) | 84 (56.4) | ||
| RRT or dialysish | 2431 | Yes | 16 (0.7) | 11 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) | 8 (0.5) | 6 (0.9) | 2 (1.3) |
| No | 2415 (99.3) | 1731 (99.4) | 684 (99.3) | 1604 (99.5) | 662 (99.1) | 147 (98.7) |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CT, computed tomography; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; RRT, renal replacement therapy.
aIf the patient received these treatments at any time during hospitalization, the treatment was included in analysis. Plasmapheresis (PMX-DHP [polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column-direct hemoperfusion]) was conducted in 3 IMV/ECMO cases.
bReadmission to ICU and reintubation were rare (3/282 [1.1%]: 1 case with oxygen and 2 IMV/ECMO cases, 5/220 [2.3%]: all IMV/ECMO cases, respectively).
cAs the number of missing values differed for each parameter, the number of cases in each parameter’s severity/respiratory support category was used as the denominator for calculating the percentage.
dNoninvasive mechanical ventilation includes BIPAP (biphasic positive airway pressure) or CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).
eFacilities for isolation purposes for whom no medical or nursing care is necessary.
fData on chest X-ray and chest CT were for those performed within 1 week of discharge and closest to the date of discharge. Chest X-ray and chest CT were performed in 986/2428 (40.6%) (no oxygen: 492/1608 [30.6%]; oxygen: 378/670 [56.4%]; IMV/ECMO: 116/148 [78.4%]) and 470/2428 (19.4%) (no oxygen: 251/1611 [15.6%]; oxygen: 154/667 [23.1%]; IMV/ECMO: 65/148 [43.9%]) cases, respectively.
gMaximum body temperature within 24 hours of discharge from hospital.
hData were counted only on the patients who were alive at discharge.