Table 4.
Demographic, clinical, chest X-ray, and laboratory data of 340 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at ED presentation divided in groups based on their clinical outcome: deceased or survived
| Deceased | Survived | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 125 | 215 | |
| Age | |||
| Median [IQR], year | 76 [70-82] | 61 [54-70] | < 0.001 |
| Distribution, no./total no. (%) | |||
| 18–59 year | 6/125 (5%) | 95/215 (44%) | |
| 60–69 year | 23/125 (18%) | 63/215 (29%) | |
| 70–79 year | 54/125 (43%) | 42/215 (20%) | |
| ≥ 80 year | 42/125 (34%) | 15/215 (7%) | |
| Gender, F, no./total no. (%) | 25/125 (20%) | 63/215 (29%) | 0.078 |
| Smoking history, no./total no. (%) | 0.135 | ||
| Never smoked | 36/61 (59%) | 66/104 (63%) | |
| Former smoker | 24/61 (39%) | 30/104 (29%) | |
| Current smoker | 1/61 (2%) | 8/104 (8%) | |
| Comorbidities, no./total no. (%) | |||
| Any | 73/84 (87%) | 94/131 (72%) | 0.015 |
| > 2 | 33/84 (39%) | 24/131 (18%) | < 0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | 78/125 (62%) | 84/215 (39%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease** | 52/125 (42%) | 34/215 (16%) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity*** | 21/84 (25%) | 29/131 (22%) | 0.749 |
| Diabetes | 32/125 (26%) | 22/215 (10%) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 11/125 (9%) | 11/215 (5%) | 0.270 |
| Chronic renal failure | 8/125 (6%) | 4/215 (2%) | 0.060 |
| Neoplasia (active history) | 15/125 (12%) | 11/215 (5%) | 0.037 |
| CXR findings | |||
| Brixia score [18] | 10 [7–14] | 6 [4–10] | < 0.001 |
| % of lung involvement | 70 [50–85] | 45 [23–66] | < 0.001 |
| Type of parenchymal opacity | < 0.001 | ||
| GGO | 13/125 (11%) | 83/215 (39%) | |
| Consolidation | 3/125 (2%) | 0/215 (0%) | |
| GGO and consolidation | 109/125 (87%) | 126/215 (58%) | |
| None | 0/125 (0%) | 6/215 (3%) | |
| No. lung zones involved | 5 [4–6] | 4 [3–6] | < 0.001 |
| Bilateral parenchymal opacities | 121/125 (97%) | 191/209 (91%) | 0.089 |
| Duration of symptoms, no. with data | 119 | 213 | 0.018 |
| Median [IQR], days | 6 [4–9] | 7 [5–10] | |
| Laboratory data at ED presentation | |||
| SpO2*, no. with data | 90 | 187 | < 0.001 |
| Median [IQR], % | 86 [77–89] | 92 [89–95] | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, no. with data | 102 | 156 | |
| Median [IQR] | 179 [97–241] | 262 [190–298] | < 0.001 |
| Distribution, no./total no. | |||
| < 100, severe ARDS | 26/102 (26%) | 15/156 (10%) | |
| 100–200, moderate ARDS | 31/102 (30%) | 29/156 (18%) | |
| 200–300, mild ARDS | 40/102 (39%) | 73/156 (47%) | |
| > 300, normal | 5/102 (5%) | 39/156 (25%) | |
| HB, g/dL | |||
| Median [IQR] | 13.4 [12.1–14.7] | 13.9 [12.6–15.0] | 0.033 |
| < 14, no./total no. (%) | 73/125 (58%) | 109/213 (51%) | |
| >17, no./total no. (%) | 4/125 (3%) | 6/213 (3%) | |
| WBC, /mm3 | |||
| Median [IQR] | 7340 [5050–9820] | 6230 [4770–8420] | 0.061 |
| < 4000, no./total no. (%) | 17/125 (14%) | 28/213 (13%) | |
| > 10000, no./total no. (%) | 29/125 (23%) | 37/213 (17%) | |
| Neutrophils | |||
| Median [IQR] (WBC %) | 83 [73–88] | 77 [71–83] | < 0.001 |
| Median [IQR] (/mm3) | 5324 [3741–8421] | 4627 [3351–6755] | 0.058 |
| < 2000, no./total no. (%) | 5/111 (4%) | 11/176 (6%) | |
| > 6700, no./total no. (%) | 44/111 (40%) | 45/176 (26%) | |
| Lymphocytes | |||
| Median [IQR] (WBC %) | 9 [7–14] | 15 [10–19] | < 0.001 |
| Median [IQR] (/mm3) | 662 [546–886] | 928 [660–1236] | < 0.001 |
| < 1000, no./total no. (%) | 67/82 (82%) | 74/108 (59%) | |
| Monocytes | |||
| Median [IQR] (WBC %) | 5 [3–7] | 6 [4–8] | 0.007 |
| Median [IQR] (/mm3) | 330 [224–512] | 385 [256–557] | 0.179 |
| < 250, no./total no. (%) | 24/82 (29%) | 26/108 (24%) | |
| > 800, no./total no. (%) | 7/82 (9%) | 9/108 (8%) | |
| INR | |||
| Median [IQR] | 1.10 [1.05–1.18] | 1.05 [1.01–1.11] | < 0.001 |
| > 1.25, no./total no. (%) | 19/108 (18%) | 15/171 (9%) | |
| aPTT ratio | |||
| Median [IQR] | 1.21 [1.11–1.33] | 1.10 [1.00–1.20] | < 0.001 |
| > 1.25, no./total no. (%) | 51/118 (43%) | 35/188 (19%) | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | |||
| Median [IQR] | 1.12 [0.81–1.50] | 0.90 [0.75–1.04] | < 0.001 |
| > 1.30, no./total no. (%) | 44/125 (35%) | 32/212 (15%) | |
| Urea, mg/dL | |||
| Median [IQR] | 58 [43–88] | 39 [30–48] | < 0.001 |
| > 50, no./total no. (%) | 70/110 (64%) | 39/175 (22%) | |
| LDH, U/L | |||
| Median [IQR] | 485 [376–633] | 372 [294–464] | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 250, no./total no. (%) | 107/113 (95%) | 171/193 (89%) | |
| CRP, mg/dL | |||
| Median [IQR] | 15 [10–22] | 10 [4–15] | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 1, no./total no. (%) | 122/123 (99%) | 201/210 (96%) | |
| K, mEq/L | |||
| Median [IQR] | 4.0 [3.7–4.4] | 3.9 [3.6–4.2] | 0.008 |
| < 3.5, no./total no. (%) | 15/122 (12%) | 40/209 (19%) | |
| > 5, no./total no. (%) | 13/122 (11%) | 6/209 (3%) | |
*SpO2 reported only in cases with FiO2 = 0.21. **Including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. ***Defined as BMI ≥ 30. Data are reported as median [IQR] (continuous/numerical variables) or number (%) (binary variables). P values are computed Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables), or chi-squared test (binary and categorical variables). COVID-19, coronavirus disease of 2019; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PaO2/FiO2 ratio, ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen; HB, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cells; INR, international normalized ratio; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; SpO2, oxygen saturation; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ED, emergency department; GGO, ground-glass opacity; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; IQR, interquartile range