Table 1.

Functions of astroglial TLRs.

Experimental paradigm and related pathological condition	Functions mediated by astroglial TLRs	References
Infectious Diseases
Viral infection of rodents, in vivo and astrocyte cultures exposed to viruses or viral components	Reduction of viral permissiveness and replication, and promotion of the anti-viral and inflammatory response.	Rivieccio et al., 2006, Suh et al., 2007, Vijaykumar et al., 2008, El-Hage et al., 2008, El-Hage et al., 2011, Kužnik et al., 2011, Reinert et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2013, Ngwainmbi et al., 2014, Liu and Kumar, 2015, Pfefferkorn et al., 2016
Bacterial infection of rodents, in vivo and astrocyte cultures exposed to bacterial components or bacteria, in vitro	Production of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors	Esen et al., 2004, Phulwani et al., 2008, Zheng et al., 2011, Delpino et al., 2012, Miraglia et al., 2013, Carpentier et al., 2005, Krasowska-Zoladek et al., 2007, Kumar, 2019, Brandenburg et al., 2013
Alzheimer’s Disease
Exposure of astrocyte cultures to Aβ	TNF-α production and reduced viability	Hughes et al., 2020
Exposure of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures to Aβ	Neuronal death	Hughes et al., 2020
Parkinson’s Disease
Exposure of astrocyte cultures to α-syn	Astrogliosis and neuroinflammation	Lee et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2018, Fellner et al., 2013
	Internalization of α-syn	Kim et al., 2018
ALS
Mouse model of fALS	Development of neurological deficits and survival	Lee et al., 2015a
Traumatic CNS injury
Animal model of SCI	Proliferation	Li et al., 2019
Astrocyte cultures	Proliferation and migration	Li et al., 2019
Astrocyte cultures	Modulation of cytokine and chemokine release	Acioglu et al., 2016, Li et al., 2019
Astrocyte-neuron co-culture	Reduction of astrocyte-mediated neuronal survival	Acioglu et al., 2016
In vitro model of ischemia	Astrocyte swelling/edema, Aquaporin modulation	Sun et al., 2017
Animal model of SCI and astrocyte cultures	Astrocyte viability	Fan et al., 2016