Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis for risk factors of L. donovani complex infection among HIV patients in Trang Province, Thailand (n = 439)
| Characteristic | Outcomes | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninfected with L. donovani complex, n (%) | Infected with L. donovani complex, n (%) | Crude OR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 221 (94.4) | 13 (5.6) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 195 (95.1) | 10 (4.9) | 0.87 | 0.37–2.03 | 0.751 | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| < 40 | 142 (93.4) | 10 (6.6) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| 40–50 | 190 (94.5) | 11 (5.5) | 0.82 | 0.34–1.99 | 0.664 | 0.55 | 0.19–1.54 | 0.545 |
| > 50 | 84 (97.7) | 2 (2.3) | 0.34 | 0.07–1.58 | 0.168 | 0.35 | 0.07–1.75 | 0.348 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 40 (97.6) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Agricultural worker | 132 (95.0) | 7 (5.0) | 2.12 | 0.25–17.76 | 0.488 | 1.38 | 0.14–13.48 | 0.783 |
| Government officer | 30 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Owning business | 82 (93.2) | 6 (6.8) | 2.93 | 0.34–25.14 | 0.328 | 2.79 | 0.29–27.19 | 0.376 |
| Laborer | 91 (91.9) | 8 (8.1) | 3.52 | 0.43–29.06 | 0.243 | 3.34 | 0.36–31.56 | 0.291 |
| Others | 41 (97.6) | 1 (2.4) | 0.98 | 0.06–16.14 | 0.986 | 0.89 | 0.05–16.81 | 0.935 |
| Opportunistic infection | ||||||||
| Yes | 23 (88.5) | 3 (11.5) | 2.56 | 0.71–9.26 | 0.151 | 4.22 | 1.00–17.79 | 0.050* |
| No | 393 (95.2) | 20 (4.8) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Have pets | ||||||||
| Yes | 210 (94.2) | 15 (6.7) | 1.84 | 0.76–4.43 | 0.175 | 1.54 | 0.59–4.06 | 0.381 |
| No | 206 (96.3) | 8 (3.7) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Forest located near residence | ||||||||
| Yes | 84 (93.3) | 6 (6.8) | 1.39 | 0.53–3.65 | 0.497 | – | – | – |
| No | 332 (95.1) | 17 (4.8) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Years having HIV | ||||||||
| < 5 | 129 (96.3) | 5 (3.7) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| 5–10 | 182 (95.3) | 9 (4.7) | 1.28 | 0.42–3.90 | 0.669 | 1.79 | 0.53–6.09 | 0.349 |
| > 10 | 105 (92.1) | 9 (7.9) | 2.21 | 0.79–6.80 | 0.166 | 2.58 | 0.75–8.86 | 0.132 |
| Viral load (copies/mL) | ||||||||
| < 50 | 319 (94.7) | 18 (5.3) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 50 and above | 97 (95.1) | 5 (4.5) | 0.91 | 0.33–2.52 | 0.862 | – | – | – |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | ||||||||
| > 500 | 298 (96.1) | 12 (3.8) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| 200–500 | 80 (89.9) | 9 (10.1) | 2.79 | 1.14–6.86 | 0.025* | 3.64 | 1.29–10.28 | 0.015* |
| < 200 | 38 (95.0) | 2 (5.0) | 1.38 | 0.28–6.06 | 0.732 | 1.97 | 0.37–10.50 | 0.425 |
| Intravenous drug use | ||||||||
| Yes | 72 (96.0) | 3 (4.0) | 0.72 | 0.21–2.48 | 0.598 | – | – | – |
| No | 344 (94.5) | 20 (5.5) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | –– |
| Recreational drug use | ||||||||
| Yes | 54 (98.2) | 1 (1.8) | 0.30 | 0.04–2.31 | 0.250 | 0.24 | 0.03–1.97 | 0.184 |
| No | 362 (94.3) | 22 (5.7) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| Using insect repellent | ||||||||
| Yes | 85 (90.4) | 9 (9.6) | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
| No | 331 (95.9) | 14 (4.1) | 0.40 | 0.17–0.95 | 0.039* | 3.04 | 1.08–8.58 | 0.036* |
| Using bed net | ||||||||
| Yes | 263 (94.9) | 14 (5.1) | 1.00 | – | – | – | –– | |
| No | 153 (94.4) | 9 (5.6) | 1.11 | 0.47–2.61 | 0.820 | – | – | – |
| Having comorbidities | ||||||||
| Yes | 90 (93.8) | 6 (6.3) | 1.28 | 0.49–3.34 | 0.616 | – | – | – |
| No | 326 (95.0) | 17 (5.0) | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – |
L. donovani = Leishmania donovani; OR = odds ratio.
*
Significant value at 95% CI.