Table 4.

Locations of significant gray matter volume differences identified in the whole-brain analysis in PD and HC as a function of smoking status on peak level with MNI coordinates of local maxima

Contrast/region	Side	Cluster size in voxel	x	y	z	t-value	P uncorrected
S < NS (healthy controls only)
Fusiform gyrus	R	847	28	−42	−18	4.33	<0.001
Precentral gyrus	L	761	−24	−21	69	4.20	<0.001
Precentral gyrus	R	521	46	−15	56	4.17	<0.001
Supplementary motor area	R	222	2	−2	48	3.69	<0.001
S > NS (healthy controls only)						No differential effect
PD < HC (non-smokers only)
Parahippocampal area	R	552	22	0	−22	3.76	0.001
Parahippocampal area	L	210	−18	0	−22	3.76	<0.001
Cerebellum	R	409	32	−75	−50	3.57	<0.001
PD > HC (non-smokers only)					No differential effect
PD < HC (smokers only)					No differential effect
PD > HC (smokers only)					No differential effect
PD < HC
Middle temporal gyrus	L	267	−40	6	−27	3.97	<0.001
PD > HC					No differential effect
S < NS (whole sample)
Fusiform gyrus	R	1463	28	−45	−16	5.20	<0.001
Precentral gyrus	L	337	−36	−16	60	3.71	<0.001
Precentral gyrus	R	325	38	−20	42	3.99	<0.001
Orbitofrontal gyrus inclusive
ACC	L	208	−6	42	−12	3.84	<0.001
Middle frontal gyrus	L	219	−21	21	48	3.72	<0.001
S > NS (whole sample)				No differential effect
S < NS (PD only)				No differential effect
S > NS (PD only)				No differential effect
Interaction of smoking and diagnosis					No differential effect

Notes: PD, panic disorder; HC, healthy control; NS, non-smoker; S, smoker; L, left; R, right; x, y, z, MNI coordinates; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex.

P < 0.001 uncorrected with a minimum cluster size of 200 voxels.