Table 3. Estimated direct effects, indirect effects and total effects of exogenous and endogenous variable on CS delivery.
| Variables | Direct effects B [95% CI] |
Indirect effects B [95% CI] |
Total effects B [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exogenous variables | |||
| Continuous variables | |||
| Mother’s age | 0.06***[0.06–0.06] | - - | 0.06***[0.06–0.06] |
| Birth order | -0.43***[-0.45–0.41] | - - | -0.43***[-0.45–0.41] |
| Number of ANC visits | 0.03***[0.02–0.03] | - - | 0.03***[0.02–0.03] |
| Mother’s years of education | 0.01***[0.00–0.01] | 0.03***[0.03–0.04] | 0.04***[0.04–0.05] |
| Wealth index | 1.27***[1.04–1.50] | 7.29***[6.94–7.64] | 8.56***[8.16–8.96] |
| Weight at birth | |||
| 2500–3999 g® | |||
| <2500 g | 0.21***[0.17–0.25] | - - | 0.21***[0.17–0.25] |
| >4000 g | 0.46***[0.39–0.54] | - - | 0.46***[0.39–0.54] |
| Not weighted | -0.22***[-0.29–0.15] | - - | -0.22***[-0.29–0.15] |
| Health insurance | |||
| No® | |||
| Yes | 0.08***[0.04–0.12] | -0.03 [-0.09–0.02] | 0.05 [-0.02–0.12] |
| Place of residence | |||
| Rural® | |||
| Urban | 0.09***[0.06–0.13] | 0.17***[0.13–0.22] | 0.26***[0.21–0.32] |
| Caste group | |||
| Others® | |||
| Other Backward Class (OBC) | -0.31***[-0.35–0.28] | 0.16***[0.12–0.21] | -0.15***[-0.21–0.09] |
| Scheduled Caste (SC) | -0.19***[-0.23–0.14] | -0.24***[-0.30–0.18] | -0.43***[-0.50–0.35] |
| Scheduled Tribe (ST) | -0.51***[-0.56–0.46] | -0.41***[-0.49–0.34] | -0.92***[-1.01–0.83] |
| Breech presentation | |||
| No® | |||
| Yes | 0.09***[0.04–0.13] | - - | 0.09***[0.04–0.13] |
| BMI | |||
| Normal® | |||
| Underweight | -0.22***[-0.26–0.18] | - - | -0.22***[-0.26–0.18] |
| Overweight | 0.51***[0.47–0.55] | - - | 0.51***[0.47–0.55] |
| Obese | 0.89***[0.83–0.96] | - - | 0.89***[0.83–0.96] |
| Place of ANC visits | |||
| No ANC/at home® | |||
| Only public hospitals | 0.19***[0.14–0.24] | -1.42***[-1.49–1.36] | -1.23***[-1.31–1.16] |
| Only private hospitals | 0.09***[0.04–0.14] | 2.25***[2.17–2.33] | 2.34***[2.25–2.43] |
| Public & private hospitals | 0.31***[0.25–0.38] | 0.78***[0.71–0.85] | 1.09***[1.00–1.19] |
| Regions | |||
| North India® | |||
| South India | 0.68***[0.63–0.72] | 0.36***[0.30–0.42] | 1.04***[0.96–1.11] |
| West India | -0.18***[-0.23–0.12] | 1.02***[0.94–1.09] | 0.84***[0.75–0.93] |
| Central India | -0.06**[-0.11–0.00] | -0.88***[-0.96–0.81] | -0.94***[-1.04–0.85] |
| East India | 0.26***[0.21–0.30] | -0.02 [-0.07–0.04] | 0.24*** [0.17–0.31] |
| North-east India | 0.34***[0.29–0.40] | -0.36***[-0.44–0.29] | -0.02[-0.11–0.07] |
| Endogenous variable | |||
| Place of delivery | |||
| Public hospitals® | |||
| Private hospitals | 1.31***[1.27–1.34] | - - | 1.31***[1.27–1.34] |
® = Reference category;
*** significant level at <0.0001,
** significant level at <0.0100, and
* significant level at <0.0500; B = Unstandardised coefficient; CI = Confidence Interval.
Source: Computed from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16.