Table 3.
Recent clinical trials in immune biomarkers for preventing and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19.
| Biomarkers | Intervention | Clinical Trials | Phase | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT1R | AT1R inhibitors (Losartan) |
NCT04311177 NCT04312009 |
II | Recruiting |
| Jak1/Jak2 | Jak1/2 inhibitor (Baricitinib)/Lopinavir/Ritonavir | NCT04320277 | II/III | Not yet Recruiting |
| NCT04358614 | II/III | Completed | ||
| Jak1/2 inhibitor (Baricitinib)/Remedsivir | NCT04401579 | III | Active-Not Recruiting | |
| Jak1/2 inhibitor (Baricitinib) | NCT04321993 | II | Recruiting | |
| NCT04340232 | II/III | Not yet Recruiting | ||
| NCT04421027 | III | Recruiting | ||
| Jak1/2 inhibitor (Tofacitinib) | NCT04332042 | II | Not yet Recruiting | |
| Jak1/2 inhibitor (Ruxolitinib) | NCT04362137 | III | Recruiting | |
| Jak1/2 inhibitor (Pacritinib) | NCT04404361 | |||
| BTK | BTK inhibitor (Acalabrutinib) | NCT04380688 | II | Active-Not Recruiting |
| BTK inhibitor (Abivertinib) | NCT04440007 | Not yet Recruiting | ||
| Cytokine storm | Tubulin beta chain inhibitor (Colchicine) |
NCT04322682 NCT04328480 |
III | Recruiting |
| NCT04326790 | II | Recruiting | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | ChiCTR2000029740 ChiCTR2000029559 |
IV | Recruiting | |
| NCT04261517 | III | Completed | ||
| S1PR1, 3 and 5 modulator (Fingolimod) | NCT04280588 | II | Recruiting | |
| IFNs | IFN-α2b/Rintatolimod | NCT04379518 | I & II | Recruiting |
| IFN-β-1α/Remdesivir | NCT04492475 | III | Recruiting | |
| IL-6 | anti-IL-6R mAb (Tocilizumab) | NCT04335071 | II | Recruiting |
| NCT04315480 | II | Active-Not Recruiting | ||
| NCT04331795 | II | Completed | ||
| NCT04317092 | II | Recruiting | ||
| NCT04320615 | III | Completed | ||
| NCT04372186 | III | Active-Not Recruiting | ||
| anti-IL-6R mAb (Tocilizumab)/Remdesivir | NCT04409262 | III | Recruiting | |
| anti-IL-6R mAb (Tocilizumab)/Azithromycin/ Hydroxychloroquine | NCT04332094 | II | Recruiting | |
| anti-IL-6R mAb (Sarilumab) | NCT04315298 | II & III | Active-Not recruiting | |
| anti-IL-6R mAb (Sarilumab)/Azithromycin/ Hydroxychloroquine | NCT04341870 | II & III | Suspended | |
| anti-IL-6R mAb (Tocilizumab)/anti-IL-6 mAb (Siltuximab)/IL-1R antagonist (Anakinra) | NCT04330638 | III | Recruiting | |
| IL-1β | IL-1R antagonist (Anakinra) /anti-IL-6R mAb (Tocilizumab) | NCT04339712 | II | Recruiting |
| GM-CSF | anti-GM-CSF receptor-α mAb (Mavrilimumab) | NCT04397497 | II | Not yet Recruiting |
|
NCT04463004 NCT04399980 |
II | Recruiting | ||
| NCT04447469 | II & III | Recruiting | ||
| anti-GM-CSF mAb (Gimsilumab) | NCT04351243 | II | Recruiting | |
| anti-GM-CSF mAb (Lenzilumab) | NCT04351152 | III | Recruiting | |
| anti-GM-CSF mAb (Otilimab) | NCT04376684 | II | Recruiting | |
| C3 and C5 | AMY-1 (C3 inhibitor agents 01) | NCT03694444 | I and II | Recruiting |
| anti-C5 mAbs (Eculizumab) | NCT04288713 | Not mention | Available | |
| anti-C5 mAbs (Ravulizumab) | NCT04369469 | III | Recruiting | |
| NCT04390464 | IV | Recruiting | ||
| anti-C5a mAbs (IFX-1) | NCT04333420 | II/III | Recruiting | |
| CCR5 | anti-CCR5 mAb (Leronlimab) | NCT04343651 | II | Active-Not recruiting |
| NCT04347239 | II/III | Recruiting | ||
| IL-7 | Recombinant IL-7 (rIL-7) | NCT04407689 | II | Recruiting |
| NCT04379076 | ||||
| NCT04498325 | I | Not yet Recruiting | ||
| NCT04426210 | II | Not yet Recruiting | ||
| NCT04442178 | ||||
| anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs | VIR-7831 | NCT04545060 | II/III | Recruiting |
| REGN-COV2 | NCT04425629 | I/II | Recruiting | |
| LY-CoV555/ LY-CoV016 | NCT04427501 | II | Recruiting | |
| JS-016 | NCT04441918 | I | Recruiting | |
| STI-1499 | NCT04454398 | I | Not yet Recruiting | |
| AZD7442 | NCT04507256 | I | Recruiting | |
| NK cell | Allogeneic NK cells (CYNK-001) | NCT04365101 | I/II | Recruiting |
| Allogenic viral-specific T cell | Partially HLA-matched SARS-CoVSTs | NCT04401410 | I | Not yet Recruiting |
AT1R, Ang II receptor type 1; BTK, Bruton tyrosine kinase; C3 and C5, complement proteins; CCR, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand receptor; ChiCTR, chinese clinical trial registry; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IL-6R. interleukin-6 receptor; mAb, monoclonal antibodies; Jak, janus kinase; NCT, clinicaltrials.gov identifier; NK, natural killer; rhuGM-CSF, human recombinant GM-CSF; S1PR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.