Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the overall cohort and according to categories of walking volume (N=83,435).
| Characteristic | Overall (n=83,435) | Walking Volume (MET-hr/wk) | P trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n=24,253) | >0–3.5 (n=16,122) | 3.6–7.5 (n=22,791) | >7.5 (n=20,269) | |||
| Walking volume (MET-hr/wk) | 5.2 ± 6.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 14.3 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| Non-walking PA (MET-hr/wk) | 13.8 ± 14.3 | 6.4 ± 10.4 | 8.8 ± 9.9 | 14.1 ± 10.9 | 26.4 ± 16.2 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 61.9 ± 7.03 | 61.4 ± 7.0 | 62.0 ± 7.1 | 62.4 ± 7.1 | 61.9 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 40.3 | 43.0 | 40.1 | 37.7 | 40.1 | |
| 60–69 | 43.6 | 42.3 | 43.3 | 44.3 | 44.4 | |
| 70–79 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 16.6 | 18.1 | 15.6 | |
| Race-ethnicity | <0.001* | |||||
| White | 86.6 | 83.69 | 86.5 | 88.5 | 88.3 | |
| African American | 5.5 | 7.58 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | |
| Hispanic | 4.0 | 4.63 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.3 | |
| Native American | 0.4 | 0.37 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.5 | 2.67 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.3 | |
| Education | <0.001† | |||||
| High school or less | 18.6 | 22.6 | 19.0 | 16.8 | 15.6 | |
| College/some college | 48.6 | 49.1 | 48.7 | 48.4 | 48.0 | |
| Post-graduate | 32.8 | 28.3 | 32.3 | 34.8 | 36.3 | |
| nSES score‡ | 76.7 ± 8.0 | 76.0 ± 8.2 | 76.4 ± 8.0 | 77.0 ± 7.8 | 77.4 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.120§ | |||||
| Never | 50.6 | 50.2 | 51.5 | 51.0 | 49.9 | |
| Former | 42.3 | 40.2 | 40.5 | 43.0 | 45.4 | |
| Current | 7.1 | 9.6 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 4.8 | |
| Alcohol use | <0.001§ | |||||
| Never | 9.1 | 10.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.1 | |
| Former | 15.6 | 17.6 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 14.4 | |
| Current | 75.2 | 72.2 | 74.9 | 76.6 | 77.6 | |
| Hormone therapy use | <0.001§ | |||||
| Never | 41.8 | 42.5 | 43.6 | 41.2 | 40.0 | |
| Former | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 14.8 | |
| Current | 42.9 | 42.1 | 41.2 | 43.0 | 45.2 | |
| Diabetes | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 0.016 |
| Cancer | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 0.023 |
| ADL Score∥ | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Physical function score# | 87.2 ± 13.5 | 84.2 ± 15.1 | 85.4 ± 14.5 | 88.1 ± 12.4 | 91.3 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118.0 ± 11.5 | 118.6 ± 11.3 | 118.6 ± 11.4 | 118.1 ± 11.5 | 117.3 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.3 ± 7.6 | 72.5 ± 7.7 | 72.5 ± 7.7 | 72.2 ± 7.6 | 72.0 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 5.2 | 27.7 ± 5.7 | 27.4 ± 5.5 | 26.3 ± 4.8 | 25.3 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 83.2 ± 12.5 | 85.6 ± 13.3 | 84.8 ± 12.8 | 82.4 ± 11.7 | 79.9 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
| Healthy Eating Index diet score | 67.9 ± 10.6 | 64.9 ± 11.1 | 67.1 ± 10.5 | 69.1 ± 10.0 | 70.6 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Dietary sodium intake (mg) | 2697.1 ± 1206.0 | 2664.9 ± 1239.2 | 2736.6 ± 1198.0 | 2715.6 ± 1163.6 | 2683.2 ± 1217.8 | 0.907 |
| Study component | <0.001 | |||||
| Clinical Trial | 39.3 | 45.6 | 42.5 | 37.1 | 31.9 | |
| Observational Study | 60.7 | 54.4 | 57.5 | 62.9 | 68.1 | |
| HT intervention | 7.9 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 6.4 | <0.001** |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or percentage.
Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; MET, metabolic equivalent; BP, blood pressure; HT, hormone therapy.
p-value compares percentage of white vs. non-white participants.
p-value compares percentage of high school vs. some college and/or college graduate.
Neighborhood socioeconomic status, range 0–100; higher scores indicate more affluent status.
p value compares percentage of never vs. ever.
Activities of daily living score, range 4–12; higher values reflect greater limitations.
Physical function score, range 0–100; higher values reflect greater physical function.
p-value compares active vs. placebo and/or not randomized.