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. 2020 Mar 31;24(11):3923–3937. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03259-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — The two HA preparations influence the expression of genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway in ST2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. a HA downregulates the mRNA expression levels of two Wnt target genes, Ctgf and Ccnd1, encoding connective tissue growth factor and cyclin D1 protein, respectively. ST2 and MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with each of the two HA preparations for 24 h before total RNA was extracted and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Values normalized to Gapdh are expressed relative to the values of control (Ctrl) cells. Data represent means ± SD from three independent experiments. Significant differences to the respective control unless otherwise indicated, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01. b HA upregulates the mRNA expression levels of three Wnt inhibitors, Dkk1, Apc, and Gsk3b, encoding the dickkopf-related protein 1, adenomatous polyposis coli, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta protein, respectively. Cells were treated as in a before mRNA levels of the respective genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Values normalized to Gapdh are expressed relative to the values of control (Ctrl) cells. Data represent means ± SD from three independent experiments. Significant differences to the respective control unless otherwise indicated, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05