Fig. 1.

Mechanism of Pesticide Detoxification: Pesticides are metabolized by plants through enzyme mediated pathways. This detoxification system is three phased process. Phase I: activation of pesticide is induced by enzymes carboxylesterases, cytochrome P450 and monooxygenase. Phase II: activated pesticide is conjugated with glutathione. The conjugation is catalyzed by enzymes glutathione S-transferase and UDP–glycosyltransferase. Phase III: lastly less toxic pesticide conjugates are carried to vacuoles/apoplasts (Modified after Shahzad et al. 2018)